Design and Implementation of Magnetic levitation Train System 

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

    Background to the study

Overcoming the grip of the earth’s gravity has been a major challenge for years. However, the work of scientists and engineers who have found many ways to levitate a variety of objects is being applied in the field of transportation in several countries.

A long with the increase of population and expansion in living zones, automobiles and air services cannot afford mass transit anyone. Accordingly, demands for innovative means of public transportation have increased. In order to appropriately serve the public, such a new-generation transportation system must meet certain requirements.

Maglev (derived from magnetic levitation) uses magnetic levitation to propel vehicles. With maglev, a vehicle is levitated a short distance away from a “guide way” using magnets to create both lift and thrust. High-speed maglev trains promise dramatic improvement for human travel.

The Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) train is one of the best candidates to satisfy: rapidity, reliability and safety. While conventional train drives forward by using friction between wheels and rails, the maglev train replaces wheels by electromagnets and levitates on the guide way, producing propulsion force electromechanically, without any contacts.

The Maglev train looks to be very promising solution for the near future, many researchers have developed technologies such as modeling and analysis of linear electric machinery superconductivity, permanent magnets.

Problem Statement

 

The Wheel-on-rail systems suffers from numerous problems mostly is caused by the friction because of the weight that the train applies to the rail which cause loss in energy. The wheel-on-rail systems can’t reach high speeds. The wheel-on-rail systems are environmentally unfriendly; it can be represented as the conventional train.

Conventional train drives forward by using friction between wheels and rails. This friction causes many problems such as noise, vibration, reduces acceleration and needs periodical maintenance.

The maglev train replaces wheels by electromagnets and levitates on the guide way, producing propulsion force electromechanically without any contact.

   Objectives

The main objective of this study is to:

• Design a magnetic levitating system
• Build a maglev train model

   Methodology

• To study the mechanism of the magnetic fields and the relationship between the levitation/movement and the
• Build a levitating moving ‘maglev’ train model
• Designing and modeling a levitation system

   Project lay-out

The project consists of five chapters: Chapter One presents an introduction to the principles of the project, project motivation and objectives. Chapter Two consists of theoretical background of automatic control, magnetic levitation, magnetic levitation train, microcontroller system, PID controller, nonlinear systems, linearization of nonlinear systems, transistor and freewheeling diode. Chapter Three concerns with system description, system hardware and software and modeling. Chapter Four presents the simulation and result , the system fabrication , the system control circuit implementation, the prototype design and the testing. Finally, Chapter Five presents a conclusion and recommendations for future works.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

				Page No.
				I
DEDICATION				Ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT				iii
ABSTRACT				Iv
المستخلص				V
TABLE OF CONTENTS				vi
LIST OF FIGURES				Ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS				xi
LIST OF SYMBOLS				xii
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 General concepts				1
1.2 Problem Statement				2
1.3 Objectives				2
1.4 Methodology				2
1.5 project layout				3
CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL REVIEW	BACKGROUND	and	LITERATURE
2.1 control system				4
2.2 Magnetic Levitation				10
2.3 Magnetic Levitation Train				11
2.4 Motors				15

 

2.5 Sensors	15
2.6 Microcontroller	15
2.7 Proportional Integral Derivative controller	18
2.8 Nonlinear System	19
2.9 Linearization of Nonlinear Systems	19
2.10 Transistor	20
2.11 Freewheeling diode	20
CHAPTER THREE MODELING AND DESIGNING
3.1 System Description	23
3.2 System Hardware	23
3.3 System Software	32
3.4 Modeling	33
CHAPTER FOUR SIMULATION AND RESULTS
4.1 Simulation and result	37
4.2 Design of PD controller	38
4.3 System fabrication	40
4.4 Rail and trailer	40
4.5 Magnetic levitation	42
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion	46
5.2 Recommendations	46
REFERENCES	47

 

APPENDIX A	48
APPENDIX B	50

 

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DEVELOPMENT OF COURSES OFFER PORTAL

Abstract

The impact of information and communication technology revolution in today’s world is inexplicably exhilarating and more so with the due sustenance owing to ever increasing emergence of advanced technologies which are as the sand of the shore innumerable. This research work developed a courses offer portal(Trinity). The purpose is to provide an upgrade to the already existing partially computerized educational systems currently running in most Nigerian educational institutions. Trinity will improve interaction between students and lectures online during a real-time lecture; this ensures that a student can participate in classes irrespective of their location.With this system, time and cost is saved such as in the area of organizing and conducting examinations. The system(Trinity) is web based application which can be access by users from any part of the world at the same time. This application was designed using Object Oriented Analysis and Design Methodology(OOADM) and implemented using Hypertext Pre-Processor(PHP),Hypertext Markup Language (HTML),Asynchronous JavaScript and Extensible Markup Language (AJAX), Java Script and Cascading Style Sheet(CSS) as front-end and My-SQL database as back-end. The system runs smoothly and the set objectives were dully achieved.

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DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR FINDING THE SHORTEST PATH TO A DESTINATION 

ABSTRACT

This study is concerned with the design of a Decision Support System for finding the Shortest path to a destination. The objectives of the study is to determine the optimal shortest/fastest path to a given destination or optimal shortest distance/fastest time to a given destination amongst others. The shortest path algorithm used is Dijkstra’s algorithm with finite nodes in the road network for optimum performance. Hence, the system developed in this study, seeks for an optimal solution by decomposing the original problem into several interconnected sub-problems according to hierarchy of decisions as observed in real life i.e. dynamic programming principle. A Shortest path to a destination in a specified road network was illustrated by me, using three different algorithms such as Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford and Backward-recursive algorithms respectively to show their efficiencies/relevance to decision support system for finding the shortest path to a destination within the given road network. The system was designed using object oriented and analysis design (OOAD) methodology and implemented using Netbeans 6.8 IDE on a windows operating system using Java programming language. The study results showed that Dijkstra’s algorithm is more efficient in determination of shortest path on our road networks with finite nodes having non-negative edges.

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