Comparative Analysis Of Vitamin C In Fresh Fruits Juice Of Malus Domestica, Citrus Sinensi, Ananas Comosus And Citrullus Lanatus By Iodometric Titration

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C IN FRESH FRUITS JUICE OF Malus domestica, Citrus sinensi, Ananas comosus AND Citrullus lanatus BY IODOMETRIC TITRATION

Introduction

Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid, or simply ascorbate (the anion of ascorbic acid), is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. Vitamin C refers to a number of vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals, including ascorbic acid and its salts, and some oxidized forms of the molecule like dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body when either of these is introduced into cells, since the forms interconvert according to pH. Vitamin C is a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions, including several collagen synthesis reactions that, when dysfunctional, cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy (Food standards agency, 2007). In animals, these reactions are especially important in wound-healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries. Ascorbate may also act as an antioxidant against oxidative stress (Padayatty et al., 2003). However, the fact that the enantiomer D-ascorbate (not found in nature) has identical antioxidant activity to L-ascorbate, yet far less vitamin activity (Aboul-Enein et al., 1999) underscores the fact that most of the function of L-ascorbate as a vitamin relies not on its antioxidant properties, but upon enzymic reactions that are stereospecific. “Ascorbate” without the letter for the enantiomeric form is always presumed to be the chemical L-ascorbate. Ascorbate (the anion of ascorbic acid) is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. It is made internally by almost all organisms; the main exceptions are most bats, all guinea pigs, capybaras, and the Anthropoidea (i.e., Haplorrhini, one of the two major primate suborders, consisting of tarsiers, monkeys, and humans and other apes). Ascorbate is also not synthesized by some species of birds and fish. All species that do not synthesize ascorbate require it in the diet. Deficiency in this vitamin causes the disease scurvy in humans (Food standards agency 2007; University of Maryland Medical Center 2007; Higdon et al 2006). Ascorbic acid is also widely used as a food additive, to prevent oxidation. Fruit is a part of a flowering plant that derives from specific tissues of the flower, one or more ovaries, and in some cases accessory tissues. Fruits are the means by which these plants disseminate seeds. Many of them that bear edible fruits, in particular, have propagated with the movements of humans and animals in a symbiotic relationship as a means for seed dispersal and nutrition, respectively; in fact, humans and many animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food (Lewis and Robert, 2002). Fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world’s agricultural output, and some (such as the apple and the pomegranate) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings.

In common language usage, “fruit” normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of a plant that are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, oranges, grapes, strawberries, bananas, and lemons. On the other hand, the botanical sense of “fruit” includes many structures that are not commonly called “fruits”, such as bean pods, corn kernels, wheat grains, and tomatoes (Schlegel and Rolf, 2003; Mauseth and James, 2003). Apple (Malus domestica) It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans. Apples grow on deciduous trees which are large if grown from seed, but small if grafted onto roots (rootstock).

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It’s important to handle and cook fish properly to minimize the risk of foodborne illness caused by these bacteria. This includes storing fish at the proper temperature, cooking it to the correct internal temperature, and avoiding cross-contamination with other foods.

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Nov 15

DETERMINATION OF BACTERIAL COMPOSITION, HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FISH POND WATER IN NIGERIA

DETERMINATION OF BACTERIAL COMPOSITION, HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF FISH POND WATER IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

 

A fish pond is an artificial lake (reservoir, pond) intended for fish breeding. In the medieval times in Europe, it was typical for many monasteries and castles (small, partly self sufficient communities) to have its fish pond. Fish ponds are still common in Canada, Europe, especially in the Czech Republic, where common carp may be kept and in East Asia where koi may be kept. Such ponds are also being promoted in developing countries. They not only provide a source of income for small farmers from the sale of fish but can also meet irrigation needs and water for livestock (FAO, 2009).

 

A pond is a quiet body of water that is too small for wave action and too shallow for major temperature differences from top to bottom. Fish ponds are unnatural aquatic ecosystems that farmers must manage in order to produce fish crops. Physical characteristics of a fish pond directly impact pond water quality and indirectly the whole ecosystem and therefore, production management potential for the farmers. The influences are common to all pond technology systems and are not unique to 80:20 pond cultures. Once a pond is constructed, the physical characteristics are essentially permanent. Farmers are left without practical means of correcting site, design and construction flaws and must rely on excess management technique to compensate for them. However, it is often difficult to classify the differences between a pond and a lake, since the two terms are artificial and the ecosystems really exist on a continuum. Generally, in a pond, the temperature changes with the air temperature and is relatively uniform. Lakes are similar to ponds, but because they are larger, temperature laying and stratification takes place in summer and winter and theses layers turnover in spring and fall. Ponds gain their energy from the sun (dela Cruz, 1983; Bullock and Sneiszko, 1999).

 

The rapid expansion of agriculture during the past years may be attributed to a number of factors primarily related to the provision of food for human consumption. If aquaculture is viewed as a substitution for fishing, the fish can be reared to marketable size on farms to offset any lack of supply from the sea. At present, however, it seems unlikely that fish farming will replace deficiencies in annual catch rates from the sea because of the enormous differences in volume of production (Purdom, 1996).

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Apr 18

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF FOUR COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDS IN THE PRODUCTION OF AFRICAN CATFISH

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF FOUR COMMERCIAL FISH FEEDS IN THE PRODUCTION OF AFRICAN CATFISH

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

background to the study

 

Aquaculture is an enterprise that is growing rapidly and improving the economy worldwide. Fish are cultivated for food and source of revenue for the growing human population, restocking of streams, lakes, and rivers to curb the shortage due to the decline in the wild capture and for sport fishing (FAO, 2000). Aquaculture aims at production of fish to provide protein in the diet (Sugunan, 2002). Fish is easily digestible, has ability to prevent and manage heart disorders and neurological diseases (Tan et al., 2007).

 

The global aquaculture fish production rose from 7 percent in 1973 to more than 30 percent in 1997 (Delgado et al., 2003). In 2010, global aquaculture production reached 79 million tons, growing at an annual rate of 9.7 percent since 1998 (FAO, 2012). However, aquaculture global fish production stood at 66.6 million tons in 2012 (FAO, 2014). In 2014, world aquaculture production of fish accounted for 44.1% of total production from capture fisheries and aquaculture up from 42.1% in 2012 (FAO, 2016) and amounted to 73.8 million tons (OECD, 2016). In 2015, global aquaculture production reached 106 million tons, of live weight growing at an average annual rate of 6.6% since 1995 (FAO, 2017a). In sub Saharan Africa, aquaculture growth during 2001-2015 was averaged at 10.4 % (FAO, 2017a).

 

In Nigeria, over 70% of fish and fish products consumed locally are from wild capture fisheries, principally Lake Victoria. “Fish production has increased over the last decade from 1,012 metric tons produced in 2003 to 21,487 metric tons in 2012” (Munguti et al., 2014). By 2013, Nigeria’s total fish production was 152,711, tons of which 23,501 tons came from aquaculture (KNBS, 2014). However, aquaculture production registered a depressed performance with total fish output dropping by 19.8% to 14,952 tons in 2016 from 18,656 tons in 2015 in the country (World Bank, 2017). In Nigeria, increasing fish farming is important since it provides a source of income and revenue to farmers and government, improves food security, creates job opportunities to the growing population, and optimizes use of water resource and conservation of biological diversity (Okechi, 2004).

Fish products play an essential role in food security and meeting the nutritional needs of the human population in developing and developed countries (FAO, 2014; Suvitha et al., 2015).

Fish is also an important source of micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals and polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (FAO, 2012). Fish diets with adequate amount of protein are needed for growth, development, survival, reproduction and good health (Suvitha et al., 2015). “Amino acids play an important function as building blocks of proteins and are mainly obtained from proteins in diet and the quality of dietary protein is assessed from essential to nonessential amino acid ratio” (Mohanty et al., 2014; Suvitha et al., 2015). The demand for alternative protein source in fish feed has become more prominent (Sales and Janssens, 2003). “Fish feed is considered good if well accepted by fish, has high digestibility, easily available and is cost effective” (Sogbesan and Ugwumba, 2008). Good quality fish feed should contain all nutritional content supplied in their correct proportions (Wang et al., 2006).

Growth and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) are excellent means to figure the suitability of feed in fish feeding experiments (Sahu et al., 2007). “The food conversion ratio (FCR) in fish is 1.5 times better than chicken, lamb or beef” (Menon, 1991). The proceeds from aquaculture are 2 to

5 fold higher than conventional agriculture. However, “Aquaculture in many developing countries has been faced by many challenges” (Osure, 2011). “These include, lack of certified seeds, poor commercially produced feeds, inadequate training programs for farmers and extension workers, inefficiency in dissemination of technology among others” (Mwangi, 2008; Osure, 2011).

The main cost-effective source of protein for fish is plants and animals. Animal proteins are advanced compared to proteins from plants since they have all essential amino acids and are readily digestible but costly. Traditional farmed ingredients have increased the processing of the feeds, hence has influencing success of aquaculture (Kumar, 2000). The aim of formulating good fish feeds is to attain utmost protein deposition and growth within least inputs of feed at a lowest cost. Experimental fish feeds can either be whole or supplemental. Whole diets provide all the nutrients essential for optimum growth and health of fish when reared in bulk in tanks and ponds. Supplemental diets are intended to sustain the ordinary food usually accessible to fish in ponds  or outdoor cages. “In fish farming nutrition is critical because feeds represent 50-60% of production cost” (Steven and Helfrich, 2002).

The development of natural and traditional aqua feeds like, termites, black soldier fly larvae, desert locusts, cockroaches and polychaetes have been used either as fish bait, wild fish food or supplementary diets in animal feeds (Karuri, 2010) but without much research on their nutritional content. Fish farming management is aims at attaining utmost fish biomass within a specific time frame (Schuchardt et al., 2008).

Objectives and research questions 1.3.1General objective

To compare the growth performance of catfish fingerlings fed on termites, cockroaches, black soldier fly larvae, desert locusts, polychaetes and silver cyprinid (Control diet) as source of protein in their diets.

     Specific Objectives

  1. To analyze nutritive composition of target four commercial feeds of Clarias gariepinus
  2. To determine growth rate of catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus) fed on target experimental diets as source of amino acids.
  3. To assess the content of the amino acids in the catfish fingerlings tissue fed on the target experimental

     Research questions

 

  1. What is the nutritive value of the target of Clarias gariepinus?
  2. What is the growth rate of catfish fingerlings (Clarias gariepinus) fed on target experimental diets as source of amino acids?
  3. What types of amino acids are present in catfish fingerlings tissue fed on target experimental diets?
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