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Conceptual Framework

Corruption has become a household word in the Nigerian society. It pervades all strata of society, from the highest levels of the political and business elites to the ordinary person in the village. There are divergent opinions on what constitutes corruption just as is commonly the case with other concepts in the social sciences. This according to Akindele (2005) has long been ideologically, morally, culturally, politically and intellectually elusive to the point of losing sight of its detrimental and parasitic influence on people and the society at large. Divindi Citing ALUKO (2002) argued that corruption includes nepotism, favouritism, bribery, graft and other unfair means

 

adopted by government employees and the public alike to extract some socially and legally prohibited favours.

However, there is the need for a legal and or formal institution to at least help to ensure meaningful socio-economic and national development in any society which is hinged on state of security, which is to be strictly monitored by the civil police.

In Nigeria like many other nations, the police have been the major organization charged with the responsibility of maintenance and preservation of public peace. Effective police is therefore necessary in every society for maintenance of peace, as effective police force will make sure that members of the community are safeguarded in their persons and properties so that their energies are not exhausted by the business of self protection (Onovo, 2009).

The above implies that, maintenance of peace does not only entail the protection of life and properly but also embraces the prevention and detection of crime; the apprehension of the offenders and the due enforcement of all laws and regulations with which they are directly charged with. The assumption here is that, effective execution of the above mentioned functions is tied to the smooth running of daily activities in every society, be it economic, social and political. However, the Nigeria police as an entity is confronted by a lot of problems which invariably affect their efficient and effective functioning.

In the words of Basaru (2003) cited in worobleski and Hess, 2003, examples of police corruption vary greatly in kind and degree, but they all have key elements in common; the conduct is prohibited by law or rule. It involves misuse of position. Police corruption includes a wide variety of prohibited behavious, either crime or departmental; rule violations committed under the auspices of a police officer’s position.

At the same time, one cannot ignore the hues and cries that permeate the entire country over the perceived corruption of Nigeria police. There has been widespread concern over the state of insecurity and seemingly inability of the police to deal with the problems.

This evil (corruption) is so entrenched that it is becoming virtually part of the system. Many people who have course to deal with the Nigeria Policemen have revealed that the force harbours some very bad characters (Pekuliameesi 2005). The matter is becoming more alarming hence the routine misuse of firearms by the police in Nigeria and their complete disdain for the people has become the norm.

In virtually every parts of the country, people tend to look elsewhere for alternative sources of protection for their lives and properties. Many prefer to the keep any information that is vital for crime prevention to themselves. Many have resorted to Jungle Justices. It is in the light of the above that the research therefore focuses on the impact assessment of corruption on maintenance of law and order by the Nigeria police.

Theoretical Framework

This study makes use of Anomie Theory. The concept (of anomic theory) was first used by Emile Durkheim (a sociologist) to refer to several aspects of social participation where the conditions necessary for man to fulfill himself and to attain happiness were not present. The idea is that conduct should be governed by norms, and that these norms should form an integrated and non – conflicting system. In this situation, the individual should be morally involved with other people so that clear limit was set to the pleasures attainable in life.

Durkheim was interested in the various types of social integration, social disorganization and the weakening of social bonds. He theorized that an abrupt and unforeseen growth or diminution of an individuals power and wealth tended to produce anomie.

Anomic is therefore defined as a condition of normlessness, a moral vacuum, the suspension of rules, a state sometimes referred to as “deregulation’ According to Durkheim (1951:5) the problem of anomie is especially acute in industrial societies, which have failed to solve the problem of frustrated aspirations in the face of expanded economic productivity. Anomie occurs, according to Merton (1968:247) because of the breakdown in the relationship between desired goals and the avenues of legitimate fulfillment of these goals. Stable societies are able to provide a general balance between goals and norms while unstable societies reflect a wider diversity of these elements. Therefore deviant conduct may be viewed as a symptom of dissociation between culturally defined aspirations and socially constructed means. Every group has regulatory codes governing conduct but groups do vary in the degree to which these folkways, and institutional controls are effectively integrated with the culture matrix. Anomie according to Merton may ensure as a consequence of other factors than the economic or industrial crisis. Pressures towards deviant behaviour may originate with veritable intensity at different locations in the social structure. Class differences may allow middle class youth greater opportunity for fulfilling their aspiration than lower class members

 

of the society. Therefore uneven or unequal to opportunities Merton believe is undoubtedly a significant factor in the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of ones aspiration. If goals and means are in near balance a relative stability of society is achieved. On the other hand, if in ordinate stress is placed upon goals, regardless of norms; stability may be challenged by disorganization. Consequently, individuals adapt their behavour to the existing imbalance between cultural and social structures through conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism or rebellion.

Explaining this within the context of this work, the abject poverty into which our economy has led many people to start creating a way to survive the hardship. The people now become extremely vulnerable to all kinds of social vice which includes corruption.

All the above combined together makes people vulnerable and susceptible to corruption as a result of which people easily succumb to pressures and temptations. In the words of Ake (1991) cited by Aluko (2002:47), Man cannot live without bread and this natural need for bread influences man’s behaviour in virtually all spheres of his life. If man’s behaviour is to be controlled  and become predictable, the socio-economic foundations of the polity must be one that ensures a fair standard of living. According to Aluko (2002:47), corruption cannot be eradicated in polity where material foundations for it do not exist. Poverty is an obstacle, perhaps the principal obstacle to the eradication of corruption.

With the persistent state of poverty in Nigeria, the police cannot in anyway maintain effective law and order as well as waging war on corruption because if the state cannot provide the basic necessity of life, the police would continue to exploit the available means like extortion from the public to meet the necessity of life as propounded by Emile Durkheim through the theory of Anomice.

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Introduction

Oluchukwu’s “The Travails of a Successor” is a novel that explores the cultural, social, and political struggles of a young man named Obinna, who is thrust into a leadership role in his community after the sudden death of his father, who was the traditional ruler. The novel provides a vivid portrayal of the African society, highlighting the cultural practices, beliefs, and values that define the community’s way of life. This essay aims to provide a literary appreciation of the novel, examining its themes, style, and structure.

Themes

One of the key themes of “The Travails of a Successor” is the tension between tradition and modernity. The novel portrays the struggles that arise when traditional values clash with modern ideas, and the tensions that arise when the desire for progress conflicts with the need to preserve cultural heritage. The conflict between modern and traditional values is evident throughout the novel, as Obinna is torn between his desire to embrace modern ideas and his duty to preserve the cultural traditions of his community.

Another important theme in the novel is power and leadership. The novel explores the challenges faced by leaders in traditional African societies, where leadership is often determined by birthright rather than merit. The novel highlights the responsibilities and obligations that come with leadership, as well as the struggles that arise when leaders are forced to make difficult decisions.

Style

Oluchukwu’s writing style in “The Travails of a Successor” is characterized by vivid imagery and descriptive language. The author creates a realistic and vivid depiction of the African society, with its colorful sights, sounds, and smells. The reader is transported into the heart of the community, and can almost feel the heat of the sun and the dust on their skin. The use of descriptive language allows the reader to visualize the scenes and characters, enhancing the overall reading experience.

Structure

“The Travails of a Successor” is structured in a linear fashion, with the plot unfolding chronologically. The story is divided into chapters, with each chapter focusing on a specific event or aspect of the story. The structure of the novel allows for a clear and coherent narrative, with the plot unfolding in a logical and organized manner.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Oluchukwu’s “The Travails of a Successor” is a well-crafted novel that offers a thought-provoking exploration of traditional African society and the challenges faced by its leaders. The novel’s themes of tradition and modernity, as well as power and leadership, are explored through vivid imagery and descriptive language. The novel’s structure allows for a clear and coherent narrative, enhancing the reading experience. Overall, “The Travails of a Successor” is a compelling novel that will engage and challenge readers.

References:

Oluchukwu, C. (2019). The Travails of a Successor. Lagos, Nigeria: HEBN Publishers.

Kalu, O. (2020). Tradition versus Modernity in Oluchukwu’s “The Travails of a Successor”. The Journal of African Literature, 3(2), 45-58.

Ugochukwu, C. (2020). Power and Leadership in Oluchukwu’s “The Travails of a Successor”. Journal of African Studies and Development, 12(1), 12-23.

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How to Succeed In Note-Taking For Undergraduate Students

Taking effective, meaningful notes is a crucial skill. Not only do good notes help you recall important information when you review them, writing things down can also help keep it in your memory and remember it more quickly. Being able to take good notes is also a way of training your brain to identify important information. And it’s vital no matter what college degree you’re pursuing.

For example, a career in the business world will likely involve a lot of meetings with important information, and you’ll need to take notes to remember everything that was discussed. In healthcare fields, being able to listen and recall is one of the most important traits to develop, especially when dealing with patients—and note-taking skills are the way to grow that talent.

READ YOUR ASSIGNMENT BEFORE YOU COME TO CLASS

One of the most important note taking tips for college is all about what happens before your pen hits the paper or fingers hit the laptop. Preparation is key to taking more efficient, effective notes.

Make sure you read your assignment before coming to class. Be thorough in your reading, make sure you fully understand concepts and take note of any questions you might have about the material.

Having some understanding or awareness of the material beforehand will help you process the information and take cohesive notes that you’ll be able to use later. Plus, it’s probably what your teacher expects from you anyway. You’ll be able to participate more easily in the discussion, which will further cement the information in your mind and help you do better on exams.

GET ORGANIZED

Learning how to take notes in college starts with organization. Separate your notes by beginning each lecture on a new page. It’s important to date each new lecture and number your pages. After class, make sure you go back to add a topic/heading to the top of each page. This will make it much easier for you to find relevant information when you’re studying. After all, you are taking notes so you’ll be able to study in the future, and you want to be able to easily search the material.

If you have other ideas on how to organize your notes, feel free to give it a try. The best way to organize notes in college is to find what works for you, so sometimes a little personalization can make all the difference.

GIVE YOURSELF ROOM

One of the best ways to take hand-written notes is to make sure you have plenty of room to keep the information legible and organized. Having plenty of space will allow you to go back and write additional thoughts as they come to you. In order to ensure you have plenty of room, consider writing on only one side of the paper. This will make it easier to read the notes and give you a chance to add more information on the back, if needed.

It’s ideal to use loose-leaf notebooks, because they’re easier to organize when you review. You’ll be able to rearrange your notes, insert additional materials (like handouts and study guides), and insert notes you borrow from study partners or classmates.

Don’t try to use up all the available space on each page. Give yourself room to go back and add information as your instructor continues to talk or write extra notes when you make connections in class.

THINK WHILE YOU WRITE

It’s easy to get into the zone while you’re taking notes, only to look down and realize you don’t even know what you wrote. If you try to transcribe your teacher’s lecture, you have no room for thinking about what you’re writing and how it fits together, and you inevitably fall behind and get frustrated.

For better results, make sure you think about everything the instructor is saying before you write anything down. This means not writing down every single word your instructor says. As you listen and write, think about what information is most likely to be of use later, whether on a test, in an essay, or for completing a project. Focus on points that directly relate to or illustrate your reading. And during class, listen for verbal cues from your instructor that indicate important information.

ASK QUESTIONS

Inevitably, you won’t understand every aspect of the information when you hear it for the first time. Asking questions is a crucial part of learning. So as you listen and write, make sure to record your questions. Did you raise your hand and ask the teacher to clarify anything? Write that down. Do you have questions you didn’t get a chance to ask? Write those down too.

This will help you stay aware of potential gaps in your understanding. You’ll be able to better focus on those parts of the material when reviewing your notes later, and know which information to look up in order to help strengthen what you’ve learned.

Also, while you’re studying or reviewing notes later, ask questions and write down questions as they come up. You can take these notes to your teacher to get the answers and clarify your notes.

DEVELOP A SYSTEM

Everybody has a different note organization system. Outlining? Numbered paragraphs? A mind-map? Charts and graphs? There’s no right way to organize, so don’t be afraid to experiment. Think about the way that best reflects how you listen, how you think, and how you process information.

The best way to take notes on a laptop may be different from the best way to take notes on paper, so it’s also okay to tailor your system to the mode you’re using. Some students prefer to take notes on a laptop during class, but would rather write on paper while studying.

If a method isn’t working for you, switch to a different one—even in the middle of class. The sooner you find your groove, the sooner you’ll be able to make the most of your notes and be more successful in class.

REVIEW YOUR NOTES

After the lecture, go through your notes. Consider leaving space on each page or after each important section of class for a short summary of the material you covered, written in your own words. This can help you process the information by making you think it through, ensuring you understand it.

Reviewing your notes also helps you remember the material, underscores the instructor’s lecture, lets you add things you want to make sure you don’t forget, and gives you time to organize material that is connected.

You may even want to go the extra mile and turn your notes into flashcards or teach the material to a friend or family member. Teaching is a great way to ensure you truly understand the material, and it will give you a chance to process all of the information you’ve written down in a new, fresh way.

Be prepared

If you really mean to take note in class, then you must ensure that you make do preparation to do so. Know the courses you have to take class for that day and get your notes prepared with the notes. Also ensure you have a pen with you, you know a small thing as not having a pen can disturb you, and do not always assume that your friend will have an extra pen. Get ready with all the needed materials for the class. What could you need in the process of taking down notes during class? Get it ready with you. You could even decide to take along with you more than one pen. Prepare as much as possible to limit to the minimal your need to borrow anything. Be proactive.

Sit in front

Oh, if you really want to hear the lecturer well, then you need to find a good place to sit in front. Do not form a habit of staying at the back. For you to be able to have a good place to sit in class, you should ensure you get there on time. If you belong to a class where you have so many students and you want the best class experience including being able to hear clearly all that you need to jot down, then go early to class and find a good place to sit in front. If situation will demand that you tell someone to help you get a seat, then do and try as much as possible to be there on time to take the seat.

Be prompt

For you to be able to jot from the very beginning of the class and to get the all the important things starting from the introduction of the lecture, it is important for you to get there early. You do not want to be struggling to catch up because of lateness. The best thing is to be an early bird, make sure you are able to take note of every relevant information right from the start of the class till the end. Every necessary detail should be captured in your note.

Use abbreviations

It may be quite tasking to keep with the pace of some lecturers when they are dictating, and you are taking down the note. One of the things you can learn to use which can be of help is to use abbreviations. If there is a short form to represent something, why bug yourself to write in full while trying to write fast? You should just go ahead and use the abbreviation. After all, your note belongs to you and it’s not likely there will be any marking of your note. Write using abbreviations that you can understand.

Sit near a fast friend

You know there might be times you will miss out on some of the notes being dictated by the lecturer, you might just leave the space and move on, once there is a little chance, you can quickly crosscheck with the person beside you and complete your own note. Try to sit near someone who can write fast so you can easily use his or her note to complete yours.

Be attentive

Ensure you pay necessary attention to what is being taught, do not stay in a place where you will be distracted. Don’t allow your mind to wander off, ensure that you are really present in class with your mind alert and picking every information you ought to pick.

Work on your writing speed

Taking notes during lectures will demand that you write fast, so endeavour to improve on your writing speed. The faster you are able to take notes down, the better; the slower you are, the more you will be lost during the dictation.

Use space meaningfully

Keep your page organized so you know where to find what you’re looking for. Of course, if you’re typing your notes you can always go back and clean them up later.

Use a good notebook

Is there a bad notebook? The simple advice here is just to use a note that is easy to write with in class.

Record the lecture

This is a very good one, but it can only be applicable where it is possible and practicable. If you find out you can record the lecture, why not take the opportunity and record. Recording is so good, you can go back and listen to the record, adjust and update your note as appropriate.

Put a label on it.

Some students jog their memories by labeling every page at the top with the date, class/teacher (if class notes), title/author (if from reading), or even significant happenings of the day.

Note-taking is a very god practice, you can always go back to your note as a reference material. When you have to study for tests and examinations, then you won’t be stranded. The earlier you began to take comprehensive and updated notes starting from the beginning of the semester in all your courses, the better. Don’t be careless about it, imagine if every student was waiting for the other person to write an updated and comprehensive note, then who would? Do your very best to be that student with a well organised and updated note. One quick advice:

Keep your notes

Of what use will it be if you had taken the pain to write your note so well and then you got it missing and cannot find it? That won’t be palatable at all. In as much as you are careful about taking notes, take good care to keep the notes intact and accessible.

In case you are unable to have a good and updated note, and probably you find that examinations are by the corner, then you might use this tip:

Borrow a friend’s note

You know it’s actually not the best, but if you have to, it is better to do so than to be stranded. Borrow a friend’s note, you could either decide to make a photocopy of the note or you can read through it while jotting down in your own way.

Also, ensure that all the notes you take, you go through them, but also make use of other materials that might have been provided for the course. Use everything as appropriate and do your best to guarantee success.

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