PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO THE MARKETING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION

Nigeria is blessed with abundant natural resources of which petroleum products play a major role. At present, Nigeria is the ninth world producer and sixth world exporter of crude oil. On the domestic economy, the petroleum sector generates over 90% of the country’s foreign exchange earnings, and provides employment in various forms to Nigerians (Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Report and Statement of Accounts, 2010). In addition, the tremendous growth in oil earnings has influenced significantly Nigeria’s international relations, and sometimes the politics of oil has taken centre stage in the nation’s history of international relations in the last few decades.

Eromosele (1997) observed that after almost half a century of oil exploration in Nigeria, the oil industry is earning a mature status in comparison to other industries in the country such that significant progress has been made in terms of oil exploration and sale of crud oil abroad. Unfortunately, the domestic management of petroleum resources is fraught with a number of problems. There are occasional product shortages, inefficient product distribution and contending pump price of petrol. These problems are compounded by ethnic and civil disturbances
in the Nigeria-Delta oil producing areas. This situation sometimes leads to destruction and vandalization of oil pipelines, disturbances in operation of the oil explorations and damage to life and properties

New empirical correlations connecting rock strength and compressibility to accompanying petrographic and petrophysical data have been developed using a database of core-derived mechanical properties measurements. These empirical data are translated into predictive methods for determining mechanical qualities from geophysical wire-line records using automated fitting procedures. 600 triaxial compressive strength experiments of sandstone-to-shale lithotypes, as well as 275 uniaxial and hydrostatic compaction tests of siliciclastic reservoir rocks, are included in the database (unconsolidated sands to tight gas sandstones). Shear strength is calculated using lithotype (arenite, wacke, or shale) porosity and normal stress magnitude; Mohr-Coulomb cohesion and internal friction angle are calculated using porosity and total clay weight fraction; and pore volume compressibility is calculated using elastic moduli. The Cam clay elastoplastic constitutive model’s observed trends in material characteristics provide some restrictions for simulating the commencement of pore collapse and the evolution of rock compressibility with fluid pressure reduction under uniaxial strain boundary conditions.Download Full Material-N5000

ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF DUAL GRADIENT DRILLING

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
DGD is a technology that makes use of separate fluids with different densities in the wellbore. The lighter fluid floats on top of the heavy fluid in the riser. The lighter fluid is only used for inducing pressure and is otherwise inactive. However the heavy fluid is used for the same purpose as used in the conventional drilling procedures. This helps to adjust the bottom hole pressure (BHP) in a shorter time, and make it able to adjust the well bore pressure curves with the formation pressure curves. The attractions that DGD highlights are the reduction in the cost of drilling and an increase in the production rate after well completion ( Gaup, 2014).
The development work on the DGD was accelerated during the 1990s when a joint industry project was undertaken with the aim to utilize such technology to be used in the high pressure, low fracture gradient in ultra-deep waters. Even though sufficient investments have been made on drilling rigs which can operate in depths greater than 8000ft, the resources present at these reservoirs cannot be extracted unless new procedures are developed to lower hydrostatic mud pressures to avoid fractures in the shallow zones. The problems faced in ultra-deep drilling include shallow water flowing, lost circulation and loss of well control. If any of these problems occur, they will prevent the completion of the well to be achieved. Multiple casing strings are used to avoid such problems. This means that the production string is quite small for a high production well and also for horizontal and multilateral completions in order to make the project economically viable. Pumps are used to reduce the hydrostatic head from the mud-line to the surface in DGD techniques. This is the reason why there is no balanced u-tube present in DGD as compared to the conventional drilling ( Kennedy 2001). The primary component that enables the DGD operations is the Mud Lift Pump (MLP). With the help of diaphragm pumps powered by the seawater, it pumps the drilling fluid and cutting back to the rig floor. The Subsea Rotating Device (SRD) maintains the boundary between the sea water density fluid in the drilling riser and the drilling fluid and redirects the mud through the MLP through the Solids Processing Unit (SPU). SPU is used to decrease the size of the drill cuttings which can be managed by the MLP (Ganpatye et al. 2013).Download Full Material-N5000