The causes of drugs and substance abuse by women in Bauchi metropelis

 

The Causes Of Drugs And Substance Abuse By Women In Bauchi Metropelis

CHAPTER ONE/ INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

 

Alcohol is as old as human history; its existence in different socio-cultural milieus extends beyond the last ten thousand years (Smart, 2007). Globally, its production and consumption is organized around social, recreational,political, medicinal and religious activities. Alcohol is a common feature in social gatherings such as  parties, births, weddings and family get-togethers. It is also consumed during and after recreational activities such as skiing and golf and while watching sports events (Engs, 1997). In Central Africa, political occasions such as the making of war or peace, settling disputes, evoking courage in battle and enthronements were marked using alcohol (Bowdich, 1966). Engs (1997) further notes that, as medicine, alcohol was, and still is, prescribed to stimulate sluggish appetites, as a sedative to induce sleep, and as a vasodilator in arteriosclerosis. It relieves vague aches and pains that beset the elderly and is also used as an aphrodisiac. In religion, wine is used in modern day Christian ceremonies where it is taken as a sacrament during worship.

 

The consumption of alcohol has been considered normal, especially when drank without outright intoxication (Smart, 2007). Anciently across the globe, its consumption was considered a manly behavior, playing a central role in regulation of masculinity (Gustafsson, Malmberg, Sperkova, Keresztesova, 2010). Studies indicate that women too have generally consumed alcohol since antiquity. For instance, those in medieval Europe consumed regulated amounts of alcoholic beverages, mainly ale, beer and wine as part of their daily diets, and ale brewing was a career for women (Plant, 1955). Mexicans confined it to the upper classes, the old and the wise, while younger women consumed it after child delivery to ‗strengthen their blood and after exhausting work to ‗restore their strength‘ (Natera, 1995).Hornik (1977) observes that original Americans such as the Red Indians allowed women to consume it to ease menstrual cramps, and after child birth to fortify them for breast feeding. The implications are that while men drank routinely, women‘s Binge drinking was regulated and perhaps their intake was lower.

 

 

The gap that existed in drinking behavior between the genders is however, growing smaller as some women‘s drinking patterns are heavier and more frequent, converging with men‘s (The Social Issues Research Centre (SIRC), 1998). World Health Organization, (WHO) (2007), observes that drinking thus severely impairs their performance as parents and spouses, affecting the stability of the household. This makes such families fragile and its members vulnerable to harm. WHO therefore, identifies parental substance misuse as a public health concern; whose effects on the children remain a pertinent public health issue.

 

Children are more susceptible to child abuse including incest and battery when raised by parents who consume alcohol regularly. A study conducted in USA by Dube, Anda, Felliti, Chapman, Williamson, Wayne, and Giles (2001), on parents who abuse alcohol, established that children are exposed to physical, verbal and sexual abuse. Such parents become inconsistent, unpredictable and are emotionally unresponsive, which leads to neglectful, passive or even cruel parenting, where children are not supervised or supported and parents are not there for them (Sher, Gershuny, Peterson, &Raskin, 1997; US Department of Health and HumanServices (HHS), 1997). The authors suggest that children of problem drinkers often experience long-term psychological effects well into adulthood (Alcohol Concern & the Princess Royal Trust for Cares, 2008).

 

 

Alcohol is a major cause of intra family violence. WHO (2004) opines that excessive alcohol use is a strong and consistent correlate of marital violence. Leonard and Roberts (1998), in an experiment on couples in USA observed that Binge drinking by both the wife and the husband increased negative interactions during a problem–solving task leading to violence. A large-scale study conducted in India on the impact of use of alcohol and drugs on the family members perceived that domestic violence was common and was perpetrated by non-drug or non alcohol abusing husbands of the women who habitually consume it as a measure to make them quit (Dhital, Subedi, Gurung and Hamal, 2001).

In India, Dhital et al. (2001) were of the view that alcohol misuse perpetuates poverty and indebtedness, loss of social prestige and bad relationship with neighbours. Women in Aizawl and Delhi took to casual sex work to support their alcohol and drug habit since poverty had impoverished them and they received little support from their relatives, husbands or friends (ibid). In USA, problem drinking was indicated to alter the division of labour as the problem drinker ceased to perform her previous functions in relation to the support and supervision of children, household chores or recreational activities. These were either not performed or were performed by the spouse or the eldest child, which affected the child‘s education and peer relationships as the child was not able to go out with friends (Alcohol Concern, 2010). On the other hand, the non-drinking spouse grew into a compulsive care-taker and developed feelings of resentment, self-pity and exhaustion (Parsons, 2013).

 

 

Sher, Gershuny, Peterson &Raskin (1997) also noted that Binge drinking disrupts the family in ways such as a lack of routine and mealtimes, school and bedtimes fail to be observed as the problem drinker becomes unpredictable and impairs the family‘s capacity to plan activities. It becomes impossible to be sure whether the problem drinker will be in a position to perform her duties as expected. Parsons (2013) therefore, opines that divorce rates among couples where one or both partners drink are quite high as the marriage suffers increased anger and distress, reduced intimacy and sexual desire and poor spousal communication (Dhitalet al., 2001; WHO, 1995).

 

 

In Nigeria, alcohol was brewed for ceremonies  like  weddings,  initiation  and even during naming of children where beer had a symbolic function, that of blessing (Birech, Kabiru, Misaro and Kariuki, 2013).It was consumed at home after work, except for special occasions (Ibid). However, it is now the most commonly abused substance with its consumption totaling up  to  4  million people (Ibid).

It is against this background that the study focused on causes of drugs and substance abuse by women in Bauchi metropelis

Statement of the Problem

In Nigeria, reports of people‘s lives destroyed by hard drugs and other substance are rampant . The problem of drug abuse has taken root in Nigeria with men abandoning family responsibilities due to drug abuse. Evidence shows that the problem has  grown deeper  with women of all ages consuming  alcohol in the Nigeria. This sometimes goes on a whole day and alcohol is readily available, accessible and affordable. Precisely, one cannot talk about family and exclude the high centrality mothers evince in homes than fathers. When Binge drinking sets on one whom the society grants such multiple roles like a mother,then it raises the question of how this  impacts  on  the  whole family. Research has been done related to alcohol abuse among youth, students and men, particularly how their Binge drinking affect families. In  all manner of likelihood, a drunkard woman‘s alcohol use has had a direct negative impact on the family just like, or more than a  man‘s. This  was the key concern of this study.

 

 

Objectives of the Study

The main objectives of this study is to investigateThe causes of drugs and substance abuse by women in Bauchi metropelis

The study have the following specific objectives;

1. To investigate the patterns of drugs and substance abuse by women  in Bauchi metropelise
2. To establish factors that motivate women drug abuse.
3. To investigate the effects of drug abuse by women on family cohesion .
4. To investigate the effect of drug abuse by women on child care and upbringing.
5. To identify possible ways of addressing excessive alcohol use by women in Nigeria.

Psychological effects of civiliant jtf in maiduguri metropolitan of Borno state

Psychological Effect of Endsars protest on officers of the Nigeria police force

ABSTRACT

Introduction

The Endsars protest in Nigeria was an offshoot of police brutality against Nigerians. The protest initially started as an online campaign in twitter with the hashtag #Endsars. The protest which kicked off in a peaceful manner later metamorphosed into a violent protest when hoodlums,thugs and perceived political hired assassins hijacked it. The result of the violent protest had its worst tolls on the members of the Nigerian police force. During the protest, police stations and police properties including vans was set ablaze by arsonist, guns and equipements carted away while some police officers were murdered in cold blood. The devastating effects of the protest on the officers  morale was at a very low ebb. This work seeks to investigate the Psychological Effect of the Endsars protest on officers of the Nigeria police force.

Methodology

The study adopted a survey research design. The survey research design is the most appropriate because the researcher does not in any way control or manipulate the independent variable because they are not manipulatable. Two sources of data were utilized in the study. The study which was on current issue with historical antecedents demanded primary and secondary sources of data. The primary sources of data for the study included personal interviews, direct observations and structured questionnaire sent to the police officers who were the direct primary providers of information for the study.

The secondary sources of data were collected from newspapers, articles and journals, scholars works and other relevant internet sources. To establish the population of this study, the researcher adopted deliberate non probality sampling method in selecting members of police officers from EDO state which recorded the worst violent against police stations.The targeted population cut across groups, age, sex, occupations, class, et cetera. As such, a careful measure was taken thereby ensuring a fair representation of the entire population. Adequate efforts was made to employ appropriate statistical methods of presentation and analysis. The frequency tables and simple percentages were utilized in presenting the data. The researchers utilized the SPSS statistical tools.

Recommendations

Based on the findings, the study recommends that Nigerian legislatures should enact a law that prohibits protesters staging protest near police staions. Also the study recommends for adequate compensations to be given to family of police officers who suffers casualties during protest. This will boast  their moral.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Alcohol consumption dates back to time immemorial in the history of man. In traditional Nigerian societies, alcohol consumption was gender and age based. It was mainly consumed by adult males in social engagements. Customs andtraditions regulated production and consumption of locally made alcoholic drinks. Though, young people in a fewcommunities were permittedto drink, this was usually in the presence of adults who monitored the quantity they consumed Emeka, (2013). Alcoholconsumption was not a daily affair and it was restricted for use in religious rituals, marriageceremonies, kingship enthronements, cultural festivals and child namingceremonies. Even on these occasions, excess consumption among adults was culturally controlled. Elders would drink first, served by the younger members of the tribe and because the wine was not produced  in commercial quantities,this often meant that little would be left for the latter group.This tre nd was altered in Nigeria following the Group Changing Patterns of Alcohol Consumptionin Nigeria with the influx of European slave traders and their ‗trade spirit‘ in the fifteenth century.

The fact that alcohol was not new to the indigenous people, theinfluence of the Western traders popularized the sale of liquor and facilitated alcohol abuse.

This trend was sustained during the colonial era and beyond, leading to the establishment of the first Brewery (N igerian Brewery limited presently known as Nigerian Breweries or NB Plc.) in 1946.This signified,a new trend, in alcohol consumption in the country. In more recent years, there have been some striking changes in the patterns ofconsumption, brought about by the development of the socio-political and economicstructures of the countryGotman, (2008). Consumption is no longer solely regulated by customof the people and it is no longer reserved for social gatherings or entertainments of guests alone. The

patterns of use, the users and reason(s) for consumption arechanging rapidly, especially among young drinkers.A sharp contrast from what hitherto existed is the alcohol contestamong Youths in bars, restaurants, drinking joints, hotels and nightclubs that are strategically located near various places in Nigeria.

This has serious implications because researches have revealed that parents and siblings are terribly affected by the drinking behaviour of young people. This perceived as a serious malady and its consequences are diverse and transcend beyond the alcoholic persons/ individuals to affect relatives, friends,neighbours and the society alike.

In Benue state, alcohol consumption is recognized as an important cultural aspect of all ceremonial occasions from the celebration of a child‘s birth, wedding and funerals.Apart from the festive season drinking during events, there is the usual recreational drinking that occurs during leisure time on weekends.This particular activity is however, having disastrous effects on the lives of the young, old, rich and poor, men and women as well as successful business men, skilled mechanics, laborers, home makers and Church members of all denominations. Sad as this may be, majority of the perpetrators are the Youths.The Youths who persistently abuse alcohol seem to be going through an array of problems. This has remained a source of worry to parents, schools, society and even the government because of the attendant behaviour that usually follow itGotman, (2008).

Governments and non- governmental organizations as well as religious leaders are making concerted efforts to reduce, if not eradicate alcohol misuse and its related consequences by providing useful and intensive information so that they can be aware of the effects in the excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages.However, despite the warning messages, immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages still persist.

                Statement of the problem

There are high cases of alcohol consumption among youths in Nigerian society; this behavior as a result of youth unrest has assumed a dangerous dimension that every stake holder of the educational system and the nation at large are at a crux. This attitude is common among the youth considered to be leaders of the future. Alcohol consumption is a major problem that has characterized the enormous crises facing Nigeria. The  critical problem is that in spite of the various measures adapted to prevent Alcohol consumption on Nigerian youths, we continue to have increasing number of Alcohol abusers. This problem has characterized the enormous crises facing Nigeria undergraduate . It has been observed that schools are facing this unrest. The availability of Alcohol in shops, chemists, market stalls and alcohol barons, provides youth’s access to it. The habitual use of alcohol during occasions endangers the live of youths. Even when alcohol are socially accepted for instance, caffeine found in kola nut and coffee or perhaps alcohol and tobacco. It can still be abused when it is used more than the quantity generally accepted within the culture.

It has been also observed that there is a high rate of consumption of alcohol by the youth especially in undergraduate students. It has negative implications on youth education, alcohol consumption lead to Risky sexual behaviour among the youths that resulted to teen age pregnancy, it affects their performance in school due to personality disorder and impaired cognitive functioning that resulted to regular tiredness and sleeping in class. Among other behaviour students who had become involved with alcohol will tend to defy school rules, cheat and act in other negative ways in school, at the end may become dramatic irresponsible and overly defensive. Other problems will emerge to the attention of the teacher and other officials. Such attitude will motivate the abuser to behave in ways that may signal the beginning of mental disorder. If not properly check in time, may be affected like some of these youth who are seen in our societies roaming about naked, parading the streets aimlessly, while others are partially made to sleep in open places, causing social nuisance to the public. If alcohol consumption continues the abuser may end up not doing well and resulted to drop out of school, all these effect are caused due to the influenced of alcohol abuse. The study  provides information and strategies for preventing such menace because failure can lead to loss of such valuable human resources. Hence, it has become imperative that the effect of these alcohol in our youths is rampant which forms the basis of this study

Abstract

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This study investigated Influence of Gender and Locality on the Attitude of Adolescent Towards ADIS. 100 were Adolescent randomly selected from urban and rural area for the study. The age range was between 15-19 years with a mean age of 17years. Attitude towards AIDS scale Comoluabi 1995 was used for data collection. 2´2 factorial design was used and a two way ANOVA was also adopted as a statistical test, findings showed no significant gender difference. Male and female share similar attitude towards AIDS. There was a significant localfect. Those who live in the urban area were found to have more posture attitude than those who live in rural area. There was significant interaction effect, findings were discussed in relation to literature review and recommendation were also made.

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Chapter One

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Introduction

Background Of The Study

The ravages of the AIDS epidemic have made this disease the highest priority of our health system. In the absence of a cure, or more effective prevention or treatment, it was projected in 1993 (Chesney, 1993) that the world could expect 30 to 40 million new cases by 2000 (Mann, 1991). These projections are on tract or are proving to be underestimated particularly in developing nations.

In 2000, the total number of people living with HIV was estimated at 34.3 million, in the hardest hit regions in Southern Africa, between 15% and 30% of the adults population are believed to be HIV positive. Furthermore, the United Nations estimated that at least 2 of every 5 girls and boys, who are 15 years old today, in the countries in Southern Africa, will die of AIDS (Schwartlanders, Garnelt, walkers, and Anderson, 2000).

AIDS/HIV is a disease which affects human immune system. AIDS has become the world’s fourth leading cause of death and number one killer in Africa, where in 1998 it took 1.83 million lives (balter, 1999). AIDS as it name tells us, is an immune disorder an acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which is spread by exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood. AIDS/HIV kills slowly; it ironically can be lethal to more people. When the HIV infections becomes manifest as AIDS, some years after the initial infection, the person has difficulty fighting off other diseases, such as pneumolystis, pneumonia, cancer, dementia, or a wasting syndrome in which the body literally withers away. Also after several months to several years with no symptoms, patients may develop minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats, symptoms that make up the condition known as AIDS-Related-Complex (ARC).

On June 5, 1981, the centers for disease control reported the first case of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the decades that followed, AIDS grew from an unknown disease into a devastating worldwide epidemic for which no medical cure has been found. According to the world health organization (2002), about 16,000 new infections occur each day. Worldwide, 1 in every 100 adults between the ages of 15 and 49 are infected with the AIDS virus, and the disease has so far claimed the lies of nearly 20 million people of the 3 million people who died from AIDS in 2001, 37 percent were woman and 20 percent were children. In some countries of Southern Africa, 25 to 40 percent of the population is infected, including a third of all pregnant women. Globally, only 5 to 10 percent of the cases now occur in homosexual men (the population typically identified with the Affliction), and women now make up half of all HIV cases (United Nation, 2002). In the early 2000’s, the rate of infection began to rise again among homosexual men in North America, Europe and Australia due to increases in risky sexual behaviour (CDC, 2003). The AIDS epidemic threatens to overwhelm the words health care financing and delivery systems.

AIDS is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which cripples the immune system. The patient then becomes vulnerable to invading viruses, bacteria, and tumors, which are the actual killers. Because the AIDS virus evolves rapidly, vaccines are at the present ineffective in preventing its spread. Moreover, the incubation period between initial infection and the appearance of the disease may be as long as 10 years, meaning that an infected needles in intravenous drug use; and exposure to infected blood through transfusion or in the womb.

In the absence of a vaccine or cure, the only existing means of controlling the AIDS epidemic is by changing the high-risk behaviours that transmits the virus. In this respect, AIDS is as much as psychological problem as a medical one. Prevention programs are typically designed to

Educate people concerning the risks that attend certain behaviours, such as unprotected sex
Motivate people to change their behaviour to people living with the virus
Provide specific guidelines for changing the risky behaviours and teach the skills needed for changes and
Give support and encouragement or the desire changes (O’Leary 2001).
Even when something as urgent as AIDS prevention is involve the research has shown that the success of prevention programs depends on the extent to which the individual social system supports the desires changes (Herd & Linden Baum, 1992).

On promising approach to attitude change which was inspired by Albert Banduras social cognitive theory. It involves the use of modeling procedures to change attitude and behaviour. In some of the poorest and most hopeless parts of the word (Bandura, 2000). The strategy is to produce highly engaging ‘entertainment-education” radio dramas to increase awareness and counter-act false beliefs. In Tanzania, for example, many people enoneously believe that AIDS is transmitted by mosquitoes and that using a condom while having sex could actually cause the disease. Health psychologists who focus on AIDS often design programs to educate people about AIDS and to help prevent AIDS. Attitudes are often unrelated to behaviour, that is, people know that consequences of high risk behaviour can be deadly, and they certainly have negative attitudes about acquiring AIDS, but their behaviour may still be risky.

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Purpose Of The Study

The aims of this study are as follows:

1. To determine whether gender will significantly influence attitude of adolescents towards AIDS.
2. To examine whether locality will significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS.

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Statement Of The Problems

Not withstanding all the efforts by both government and non-governmental organization against AIDS, the problem of the pandemic is still at increase. As a psychologist, I became worried on what could by the reason; on to this, thought that the major reason for the continued spread of the virus maybe attributed to the attitude of the public, especially adolescent towards this virus. Adolescent were chosen as the target population because they are not only the leader of tomorrow but thy engage more on illicit sex than adult who are married. Therefore in looking at the problem of attitude towards AIDS, the researcher decided to use gender and locality as reference. Therefore following problems were addressed in this study.

Will gender significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS? Will locality significantly determine attitude of adolescents towards AIDS?

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Operational Definition Of Terms

1. Attitude – Predisposition of a behaviour
2. Adolescents -Individuals between the ages of 12-20 years
3. Locality – Being urban or rural area
4. Gender – being male or female
5. AIDS – Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
6. HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
7. PLWHA – people living with HIV/AIDS.

Assessment of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Knowledge and Perceptions in Nigeria

Abstract

 

This study assessed knowledge and perceptions about COVID-19 among the general public in Nigeria during the initial week of the pandemic lockdown in the country. From March 28 to April 4, 2020, this cross-sectional survey used an anonymous online questionnaire to collect data from respondents within Nigeria. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to recruit 1357 respondents, aged 15-70 years, from 180 cities and towns within Nigeria. Study data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Approximately more than half (57.02%) of the respondents were male with high level of education (48.86% bachelor’s degree or higher). Approximately  half  of  the  respondents  (46.94%)  opined  that  COVID-19  was  ―a  biological weapon designed by the Chinese government.‖ About 94% of the respondents identified ―contact with airborne droplets via breathing, sneezing, or coughing‖ as the most common mode of transmission; most respondents associated COVID-19 with coughing (81.13%), shortness of breath (73.47%) and fever (62.79%). ―Regular hand washing and social distancing‖ was selected by most respondents (94.25%) as a way of preventing infection whereas 11.86% reported

―consuming  gins,  garlic,  ginger,  herbal  mixtures  and  African  foods/soups‖  as  preventive measures against COVID-19. Majority of the respondents (91.73%) thought COVID-19 is deadly; and most respondents (84.3%) got 4 or more answers correctly. It was also observed that the traditional media (TV/Radio) are the most common source of health information about COVID-19 (93.5%). Findings revealed that Nigerians have relatively high knowledge, mostly derived from traditional media, about COVID-19. Their perceptions of COVID-19 bear implications across public health initiatives, compliance with precautionary behavior as well as bilateral relations with foreign nations. Evidence-based campaign should be intensified to remove misconceptions and promote precautionary measures.

PSYCHOSOCIAL PREDICTORS OF EMPLOYEE-PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP INDUCED STRESS

 

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at developing and validating an objective instrument for measuring leadership-induced stress; and investigating the extent to which employees’ perceptions of important leadership-relevant workplace psychosocial factors would predict their perceptions of leadership- induced stress.

To achieve this, three major activities—which culminated in the testing of five major hypotheses—were carried out. First was a pilot study involving 93 participants and in which the Leadership-Induced Stress Inventory (LISI) was developed. Second, tagged phase 1, featured 155 participants and entailed the validation of the LISI. Third, tagged phase 2, involved the prediction of leadership-induced stress by the psychosocial factors in a sample of 622 junior and middle-cadre employees.

Preliminary results showed that the developed LISI comprised eight components; and was reliable and valid. Another set of results, from a moderated regression analysis performed, revealed that certain psychosocial factors predicted leadership-induced stress as expected while the prediction of others was contrary to expectations. Specifically, while married employees reported less leadership-induced stress than single employees as expected, affective trust did not predict leadership-induced stress significantly, contrary to expectations. But interactional justice negatively predicted leadership-induced stress as expected. Although leader-follower relationship (which is popularly known as leader- member exchange, and thus abbreviated as LMX) and coworker support did not moderate the relationship between affective trust and leadership-induced stress, they did moderate the relationship between interactional justice and leadership-induced stress, with post hoc analyses generating important insights. First, among the eight groups of employees specified in the post hoc analysis, the employees who perceived high interactional justice, high LMX, and high coworker support reported the least leadership-induced stress while their counterparts who perceived low interactional justice, low LMX, and low coworker

support reported the highest leadership-induced stress. Second, for the other groups of employees, the roles played by LMX and coworker support in enhancing or buffering the influence of high or low interactional justice, respectively, on leadership-induced stress depended on the relative levels (high or low) of LMX and coworker support. Cognitive trust emerged as the single, most important predictor of leadership-induced stress in the study. Other results from a two-way ANOVA revealed that sex and job cadre of employees did not significantly interact to influence leadership-induced stress, but that they independently influenced leadership-induced stress such that female employees reported less leadership-induced stress than their male counterparts, while middle-cadre employees reported less leadership- induced stress than their junior counterparts.

The results were discussed in the light of the reviewed theoretical and empirical literatures, with conclusion focusing on the obvious existence and prediction of leadership-induced stress with leadership and organization-relevant psychosocial factors among Nigerian employees. Recommendations emphasized a comprehensive assessment of leadership- induced stress in Nigerian employees using the newly developed LISI; and revision of existing leadership training programmes as well as developing new ones from the standpoints of the findings of this study.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENTS

PAGE

Title Page

Certification

Dedication ii

iii

Acknowledgements iv

Table of Contents

List of Tables/Figures vii

ix

Abstract xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1

1.1 Background to the Study 5

1.2 Statement of Problem 16

1.3 Objectives of the Study 17

1.4 Research Questions 18

1.5 Hypotheses 18

1.6 Significance of the Study 19

1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 21

1.8 Operational Definitions of Terms 22

1.9 Conceptual Framework 24

–Conceptual Model 25

1.9.1 Theoretical Framework 31

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 35

Theoretical Background 35

Review of Empirical Studies 48

CHAPTER THREE

Method 103

Development of the Leadership-induced Stress Scale 103

Validation of the Leadership-Induced Stress Scale and Prediction of Leadership-Induced Stress 104

3.2.1 Study Location 104

3.2.2 Sample 105

3.2.3 Research Design 107

3.2.4 Instruments 107

3.2.5 Procedures 113

CHAPTER FOUR

Results 117

Summary of Findings 138

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion 140

Conclusion 162

Recommendations 164

Contributions to Knowledge 165

References 167

Appendices

 

INTRODUCTION

Rape is bad, but child rape is evil. There has been a lot of outcry in newspapers, radio broadcast, blogs, and other mass media about child rape in Nigeria. Many children including babies have been raped or even died as a result of rape. Some have been raped by their neighbours, family members and friends and strangers, while others have been raped by men who call themselves biological fathers of those children.

Child rape has caused a serious insecurity among female children in the country. Babies are no longer safe in their cods because their biological fathers rape them while changing their pampers. School children develop school phobia because their teachers defile them instead of protecting them. Errand children’s lives are at risk as some of them are lured or abducted into bushes where they are raped for ritual purposes, while pastors use God’s sanctuaries as love nest as they rape toddlers of their own churches.

All these cause a lot of havoc in Nigerian society as many children’s lives and education have been affected adversely. The researcher was moved by this heart-breaking situation to investigate on child rape in Nigeria and the implications on the education of the child.

Objectives of the Study

• To ascertain the level of parents awareness of child rape in
• To find out the causes of child rape in
• To identify the effects of child rape in

Research Questions

• How aware are parents of the prevalence of child rape in Nigeria?
• What are the causes of child rape in Nigeria?
• What are the effects of child rape in Nigeria?

 

Research Method

The study adopted descriptive survey. The population of the study was the entire young parents in Nigeria whose female children are between 0-12 years. This group was chosen to accommodate the age of children under study. Disproportionate random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. 8 out of 36 states in Nigeria were selected. In each state, 100 respondents comprising male and female were sampled for the study. The sample size was therefore 800 (100×8 = 800). Parents were used because the researcher found it difficult to get in touch with child rape victims. Annonymity and confidentially were granted to the respondents for security purposes.

Structured questionnaire and interview were used to collect data. The data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentage, mean and standard deviations and rank order. A criterion mean of 2.5 was used to accept or reject an item.