RESOURCES CONTROL AGITATION, CAUSES AND IMPLICATION

RESOURCES CONTROL AGITATION, CAUSES AND IMPLICATION(A CASE STUDY OF RIVER STATE)

ABSTRACT

This project was prepared and structured to evaluate resource control agitation in Nigeria, causes and implications with particular emphasis on River State government. The project is arranged in such a way that one chapter naturally leads to the other. It was organized in five chapters, chapter one started with the introduction of resources control in Nigeria which is narrowed down to its causes and implication. These chapter also emphasizes the objective of the study, significance of study, scope of study and definition of terms, chapter two deals with the review of related literature, all of which are discussed in details. Chapter three dealt with research methodology, ways on which data was designed, collected and sampled. Chapter four dealt with presentation and its analysis and research findings. It must be noted that information contained in this project was raised from the internet, chapter five dealt with findings, conclusion and recommendations as well as references and appendices.

CHAPTER ONE

 

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Nigeria is blessed with numerous national endowments which gives her a lot revenue in return. This in return prompted the people especially those in power to manipulate the economy of the nation and this act gave rise to selfish political consciousness to almost every Nigeria. This feelings in particular gave rise to resource control agitation in Nigeria and invariably Nigeria have suffered a lot of set back both in socio, economic and culture development due to this agitation to control the resources of the country.

This struggle, according to recent research, shows that it started during the slave trade era in the 16th century. The fact is that, there is no region in our country that is not naturally blessed but the ability and capability of the Nigeria government to control it effectively turns out to be a problem. It is obvious that some states in the country are not aware of the mineral resources available to them.

However, the essence of this study is to ascertain the causes and implications of resources control in our country. This constitute the following: Underdevelopment, jealousy and greediness.

  • BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Nigeria is immensely a mineral rich country with every state literally endowed. This seemingly innocuous question begs for an answer in Nigeria because not since the European discovered the wealth. Africa has such agreed driven wickedness been witnessed as been visited by the people of the Niger Delta of Nigeria because of the discovery of crude oil on their land and waters. Why these clamous focus on a single resources is it because neither the government nor the people know that there are resources in every nook and cranny of the country, which if properly exploited are capable of generating as much kerosene as crude oil.

Going by facts, it is not adequately blessed, for the continuous existence of the country as we know it now. The government had better retrace their steps and beg to execute true justice in the land. Justice for the people includes aggressive development moribund, agrarian and tourism economics together with optimal mining and management of mineral resources. These can climate in ordinance fixation on the Niger-Delta crude oil.

  • STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There are reports about misappropriation of resource fund(crude oil) derived from Niger-Delta region. Also there exist minimal exploitation and management on solid minerals resources alongside the neglect of other economic sectors. For examples agriculture and tourism has remained a recarrying boomer against  Nigeria since independence, since Federal Government focus on resources of Niger-Delta region has intensified, resulting in several disadvantages that manifest in various forms of ecological devastation, inequalities, injustice, human right abuse and conflicts.

  • OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of this study is to find out

  • If different states in the country Nigeria are aware of the mineral resources available to them.
  • If there is law that give the Federal Government absolute rights over mineral resources in Nigeria
    • RESEARCH QUESTION

This research in the resource control agitation in Nigeria as regards to its causes and implication with particular reference of River State has raised some questions among experts and professionals, which the study has attempted to address. The research question consist of the following

  1. If resource control is achieved, do you think it will lead to economic development in Nigeria?
  2. If resource control is ascertained, do you think it will stop ethic crises?
  3. Do resources control agitation exist in Nigeria?
    • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The essence of this study is to ascertain and identify the causes and effects of resources control clamour in Nigeria with particular reference to River State. The work will enlighten us the more on the contending issues in resources control.

It will also show the level of awareness amongst ethic groups in relations to their natural endowment. Also the implication and consequences of resource control will be seen. The work will also provide dues as to management of resources , it will also recommend solutions on how best to handle this problem of resources control in Nigeria.

  • SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope and range of this study would have been wide enough to encompass grossly all the states in Nigeria but this study will be focusing on conflict or causes and implications of resources control agitation with particular reference to River State. Moreso, comparison may be made with other state where and when necessary.

  • LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

During the course of this study, the researcher encountered some problems. The problem of time  stood in the way of the researcher, financial predicament was yet another obstacle to the researcher and also lack of available materials to carry out the research work effectively constitutes the limitations for instance, lack of information unnecessary bureaucratic steps in the River State Ministry of commerce and industry all contributed to the problems encountered during this research work.

  • DEFINITION OF TERMS

The  terms are to be define for the better understanding of this research work are as follows:.

  1. Resources
  2. Control
  • Agitation
  1. Causes
  2. Implication
  • RESOURCES: According to Kelly Osolo in his book “ Resource development and management Vol 1” defined resources as available assess which a nation or  state have. The oxford dictionary term for help that is been genuine.
  • CONTROL: To exercise authoritative control or power over some thing. It is also the power to direct, influence or limit something.
  • AGITATION: It is a campaign to arouse public concern. Also it is a mental state of extreme emotional disturbance.
  • CAUSES: Event that provide the generations force that is the origin of something. A reason for doing something.
  • IMPLICATION: A possible effect, the fact of being implicated.
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Mar 29

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF POLITICAL APATHY IN THE 2019 GENERAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA

CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF POLITICAL APATHY IN NIGERIA. A STUDY OF 2019 GENERAL ELECTION

INTRODUCTION

Political apathy is the lack of psychological involvement in public affairs, emotional detachment from civic obligations, and abstention from political activity. The takeoff point however relates to the word “apathy,” at once denoting “an individual’s impassivity or indifference and a form of collective political behavior” (Mason et al,1991). As against the dictates of political participation which brings the people to bear in the political and democratic process of a nation, political apathy shows reservation, restraint and abandonment of the system. Since participation in the political system as discussed previously, the individual has a voluntary right to participate or not to participate in the political system.

Political apathy is evidenced in mass, collective behavior but has its origin at the level of the individual psyche. It usually starts with an individual showing disappointment, distrust and faithlessness in the electoral system and encroaches like a virus to other members of the society. In the aggregate, political apathy is revealed by attitudes and an absence of expected activity. When people cease to care about political life, withdraw from obligations to civil society, and perform entirely nominal or rote acts- or none at all- in political institutions or organizations, apathy is indicated. Apathy therefore negates the true meaning of democracy which is government of the people, by the people and for the people. The emerging regime in the state of apathy cannot be considered as a true representative of the wishes of the people and it may lack the local and international backing for its successful administration.  It is obvious, therefore, that as a subset of political behavior, voter apathy is multidimensional, operating as it does at the intersections of psychology, sociology, economy and geography, history and the contemporary, laws and structures, process and actors, memory, retention and perception, among others (INEC, 2011).

In describing the political apathy situation in Nigeria, AttahiruJega maintained that there exists voters’ apathy in Nigeria is no longer contentious. Voters turnout in the justconcluded general elections had provided a scientificand empirical evidence of the existence of votersapathy and disinterestedness of sections of theelectorates in elections. This ugly scenario hasimplications for popular participation and governance (Odebode, 2011).

However, several factors have been identified in literature as fueling the growing political apathy. These includes psychological involvement and collective memory of historical and contemporary events and issues, patterns of trust, feelings of efficacy, political engagement and disengagement of individual, geographic regions (Margurn 2003; Mason et al, 1991; Thomas 2004). Psychological involvement is purely and individualistic notion that describes the feeling of participation that an individual have about the political process. This is closely linked to the feeling of trust and believes in the electoral system. People will rationally stand aloof when they see the system as biased towards a particular system and more so when they see the election system as not credible. In addition, campaigns communications and the media(Panagopoulos 2009) have the probability to instigate political apathy. In the wake of hate campaign, political blackmail and libel that alienates the people from the electoral process, apathy will increase. The media from time has been a critical determinant of public opinion which may be in favor of one person or group at the expense of another. Thirdly, the role of space, distance and convenience of voting (Dyck and Gimpel 2005) can have varied impact on the electoral process which is a fundamental aspect of the democratic system. When the voting system occasion huge cost implication to the individual or the voting system is rigid, electorates will show voting apathy. To this end, governments all over the world strive to make the electoral system as simplified as possible so that voters are able to participate irrespective of their educational status, age, abilities and economic status. More so, polling station should be decentralized and brought closer to the people so that the people in the creeks and hinterland can participate in the elections.

Furthermore, Bowler and Donovan (2011) opined that the competitiveness of elections on account of extent to which elections are considered strategic and election outcomes are projected to be close influences political apathy. On the part of those contesting in election, the perception on the fairness of the entire electoral process will determine if he or she will participate in the democratic process. Other motivating factors include impact of technologies and the human, including poll worker, dimensions of elections (Hall et al, 2009), the electoral policy itself (Kaempfer and Lowenberg 1993) and the wider issues connected to economic considerations and voting (cf Koch 2007).

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study was to:

  1. determine the causes of political apathy as perceived by secondary school
  2. suggest strategies for reducing political apathy

 

Research Questions

The following questions were raised for the study:

  1. i) What are the causes of political apathy as perceived by secondary school teachers?
  2. What are the role of INEC in reducing political apathy in Nigeria?

 

Research Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the causes of political apathy as perceived by male and female secondary school teachers.

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Mar 19

THE IMPACT OF SALARY INCREASE AND FRINGE BENEFITS AMONG NIGERIAN WORKERS

THE IMPACT OF SALARY INCREASE AND FRINGE BENEFITS AMONG NIGERIAN WORKERS

Abstract

This project works was examined from all its ramification, what could be the possible effect of salary increase and fringe benefits among Nigerian workers. It is believed that when salaries and fringe benefits are increased, the aim is to alleviate the sufferings of workers in regards to increasing their purchasing power and meeting the high cost of living. But, the consequence which will come quickly to mind is that many job will be lost and very little created. Employers will pay higher wages, but will do so at the cost of retraction in their labour force. Those who have been desperate for job will sink further into desperation and more would join them through retrenchment. In analyzing the affect on workers, the researchers carried out a research work at the Nigeria Railway Cooperation Enugu, where opinion of some workers are sampled. By so doing, questionnaire and personal interview were used. We equally examined the more dynamic aspect of wage and salary administration, showing the emergency of wage employment, salary structure, the responsibility for wage and salary and the method of fixed salaries and fringe benefits. The project also highlight the method for salary increase by workers and the probable side effects such as inflation, increase in price of commodities etc. Recommendations as to how the government could come to the aid of workers in minimizing the increase in prices of goods and services when salaries are increased are also discussed.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the study

1.3 Purpose of the study

1.4 Significance of the study

1.5 Research Questions

1.6 Research Hypothesis

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Limitation of the study

1.9 Definition of terms

1.10 Plans of the study

References

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of Related Literature/Wage Determination

2.2 Methods Of Fixing Wages

2.3 System Of Wage Payment

2.4 Essentiality Of Wage And Salary Administration

2.5 Benefits Of Incentives And Fringe Benefits

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Source of Data

3.3 Population of the Study

3.4 Sample Size Determination

3.5 Constructions to Data Collection

3.6 Validation of Instrument

3.7 Reliability of Instrument

REFERENCE

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Presentation analysis and interpretation of data

4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Findings

4.2 Testing of Hypothesis

REFERENCE

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary of Findings

5.2 Recommendations

5.3 Conclusion

5.4 Further research needs

Bibliography

Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In any establishment either private or public, the impact of salary increase and fringe benefits cannot be over-emphasized. To Nigeria Railway Corporation Enugu, satisfaction of the public and standard of living have been their major concern.

The main objective has been the development and utilization of local raw material (coal) and mobilization of fund for the purpose of satisfaction of the Nigerians.

In the bid to actualize this, the corporation finds it difficult and almost impossible to pay its workers the exact salary and pension at the appropriate time. This as a result, leads to inefficiency since the workers are not motivated to carry out their functions effectively. Facilities provided by the government are not being used and when it is used, they are not maintained properly, and the situation hinders development process.

The whole society is affected negatively by the poor performance of the railway corporation. A business which involves bulky goods are slowed down because of the inadequate facilities used by the corporation in their operation. This as a result may lead to scarcity of some important goods.

The carriage of bulky goods by trailer is now move preferable than the use of train, since the railway corporation is inefficient. Goods that are supposed to be carried by trains are now being carried by vehicles, which thereby creates obstruction in our roads.

Presently, the corporation is not generating accurate revenue for the society, because the people who make use of the railway transportation are few.

This discussion so far, means that the Railway Corporation is unable to achieve its objectives.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is well known fact that workers attempt to increase their salaries and wages directly by negotiating through a trade union, whereby the trade union threatens their employers to go on strike if they refuse to increase their salaries and fringe benefits.

This economic impact of salary increase and fringe benefits on workers effects many workers both in the public and private sectors, and it can lead to increase in the rate of unemployment and thus, inflation.

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

It is expected for any research work to provide answer to a particular problem. In view of this, this project tends:

i. To examine the effect of salary increase and fringe benefits among Nigerian workers.

ii. To highlight the problems that are inherent in increasing the salaries of workers who work in the public sector.

iii. To identify and correct the environmental factor that affects the salary increase and fringe benefits of workers.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is of great importance in the following ways:-

By virtue of this study, it is needed most. Income and expenditure of an industrial sector would be determined, hence, the number of workers will also be accounted for. This tells whether more workers are to be employed or deployed.

1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION

This study will attempt to answer various specific questions like:-

1. How you ever demanded for salary increase?

2. Have you enjoyed or been given any fringe benefit?

3. Has there ever been any trade dispute in the corporation?

4. Has the corporation recorded any demonstration work to rule strike action?

5. Was any damage done to the corporation?

1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis One

Ho: Fringe benefit are not helpful in attracting employees in an organization

H1: Fringe benefit are helpful in attracting employees in an organization

Hypothesis Two

H0: There is no direct relationship between fringe benefit package and employee level of commitment.

H2: There is direct relationship between fringe benefit package and employee level of commitment.

Hypothesis Three

H0: Records on workers demonstration action can not help to rule strike action off.

H0: Records on workers demonstration action can help to rule strike action off.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This project work is not directed at providing solutions at all problems that arise in corporation generally. Rather, it is narrowed to the impact of salary increase and fringe benefits.

1.8 Definition of Basic Terms

2. Salary: Salary can be defined as a fixed payment at regular interval for service. It is a payment made to workers for service rendered.

3. Wages: Wages are payment received from becomes obvious that man has to labour himself to the point of satisfaction in order to met up with the necessities of his life either in private or public sector as the case of railway corporation is concerned.

To buttress this statement, it is stated clearly in the theory of Douglas McGregor that “the expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is natural as play or rest”. The average human being does not inherently dislike work.

i) This study will reveal how productivity can be effectively increased since an increase in salaries and fringe benefits of such production section will mentally increase the strength of workers, which enable them to work efficiently and effectively.

ii) To enable the researcher meet the requirement for the award of National Diploma in Business Administration and Management.

iii) With the aid of the study, an industrial sector either private or public, will know how and when the efficiency of their labour.

4. Fringe Benefits: Fringe benefits are payment other than wage or salary made to an employee such as pension, leave bonus insurance, etc.

5. Workers: A worker is a person who apply or contribute both physical and mental strength with the purpose of getting things done to achieve a particular objective in order to earn his living.

6. Public Sector: Public sectors are those infrastructural organizations fundamental to the natural economy, which the government decided to control in order to ensure a proper balance between social and commercial aims. These organizations include: Nigeria Railway Corporation, Nigerian Post Authority, Nigerian Airways, National Electric Power Authority, etc.

7. Corporation: Corporation can be defined as an institution operating the service of an economic or social character on behalf of the government.

8. Corporation to manage and operate in accordance with the provision of this act, the railway undertaking transferred to the corporation by virtue of the provision of the Act. These undertaking may include, any expansion or extension, construction of new railway and the provision of all reasonable facilities for carriage of passengers and goods.

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Mar 06

KNOWLEDGE, BELIEFS ON EPILEPSY AND PRACTICE ON EPILEPSY AMONG PEOPLE OF SOUT EAST NIGERIA

Background

Epilepsy is a chronic non-communicable brain disorder, according to the World Health Organization. It had a global impact on more than 50 million individuals. Epilepsy is characterized by recurring seizures. Seizures are short bouts of uncontrollable movement that may affect one or more parts of the body and are often associated with loss of consciousness and control of bowel or bladder function. Seizures are caused by an abnormally high rate of electrical discharges in a set of brain cells (“Epilepsy,” 2019). Additionally, it is characterized as a disorder in which continuous seizures occur in short periods and spread throughout the body, resulting in the loss of key organ functioning, altering brain processes, and resulting in repetitive seizures (Umashankar, 2017, p. 528- 547). Epilepsy is categorized into two basic groups depending on the kind of seizure. Seizures that are partial or focal in nature are classified as Simple partial seizures or Complex partial seizures. Additionally, there are generalized seizures such as tonic-clonic seizures, absence seizures, myoclonic seizures, atonic seizures, and tonic or clonic seizures (Umashankar, 2017, p. 528-547). Patients with epilepsy may suffer behavioral and cognitive difficulties. They may present with consequences such as interictal personality disorder, in which the patient develops a lack of humor, dependent obsessions, hostility, hypo or hypersexuality, and emotionality, among others. Similarly, the patient suffers memory loss, hostile behavior, secretory aspiration, fractures, shoulder dislocation, biting injuries to the tongue, lip, or cheek, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infraction, head trauma, and pulmonary edema. Whereas, emotional stress is readily generated in complicated partial seizures (Umashankar, 2017, p.528-547). Additionally, a study discovered that individuals with epilepsy had the worst communication, self-image, and future expectations, whereas handicapped adolescents communicated openly about their illness with family and friends and were the most optimistic about their social adjustments and futures in later life (Hodgman et al., 1979, p.298-304). Additionally, it has been shown that women who have epilepsy and use anti-epileptic medications are at an increased risk of preeclampsia, pregnancy hemorrhage, and premature delivery (Borthen, 2015, p. 32-34). 2 of 63 Additionally, the study examined how epilepsy can be prevented through lifestyle changes, exercise, and behavioral approaches, as well as how epileptic triggers can be avoided through sleep hygiene, abstinence from alcohol and tobacco, relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, biofeedback, and medication techniques. Similarly, exercise helps preserve physical and mental health, as do dietary measures such as fresh vegetables and fruits, as well as dietary supplements to help maintain calcium levels (Umashankar, 2017, p.528- 547). The Epilepsy Society has developed urgent recommendations for the care of epileptic patients. One should maintain composure and check for the seizure patient’s comfort. You should record both the onset and length of the seizure. Support their head with a cushion or pillow but do not attempt to impede or halt their movement. Do not provide anything by mouth during the attack; if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, get the patient to the hospital immediately. Assist the patient during and after a seizure episode. Following the seizure’s cessation, the person may remain disoriented, and the required precautions should be followed. Gently place them in recovery posture, check to see whether their respiration has returned to normal, and examine their mouth for obstructions such as food or artificial teeth. If breathing becomes difficult after the cessation of the seizure, the subject should be brought to the hospital. Maintain contact with them until they have completely healed (“NICE guidelines on anti-epileptic drugs,” 2019). Non-operative treatment techniques such as clonazepam, clobazam, sodium valporate, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, ethosodium, phenytoin, tiripentol, gabapentin, lacosamide, and carbamazepine have been reported to be effective8. Women are given folic acid supplements (1-4 mg per day) to reduce their risk of neural tube abnormalities (Ramaratnam, Marson, & Singh, 2017, p. 153-172). On the other hand, surgical interventions such as anteromedial temporal excision, corpus callosotomy, hemispherectomy, vagal nerve stimulation, and deep brain stimulation have been described (Ramaratnam, Marson, & Singh, 2017, p.153-172). However, the research examined how self-management assistance might be launched via behavioral modifications techniques, skill development and problem solving, action planning and goal setting (Helmers et al., 2017, p. 220-224).

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