THE EFFECT OF CONVID-19 ON HUMAN BODY AND IT’S ENVIRONMENT

 

Coronaviruses (CoV) are a large family of viruses that cause illness ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV).

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans.

Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they are transmitted between animals and people. Detailed investigations found that SARS-CoV was transmitted from civet cats to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Several known coronaviruses are circulating in animals that have not yet infected humans.

Common signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure and even death.

Standard recommendations to prevent infection spread include regular hand washing, covering mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, thoroughly cooking meat and eggs. Avoid close contact with anyone showing symptoms of respiratory illness such as coughing and sneezing.

PROJECT TOPICS ON THE EFFECT OF CONVID-19 ON HUMAN BODY AND IT’S ENVIRONMENT

Certification——–ii

Project Topics
Dedication———iii

Acknowledgement——-iv

Abstract ———vi

Table of Content——–vii

Chapter One

1.0 Introduction ——-1

1.1 Statement of Problem——4

1.2 Purpose of the Study——5

1.3 Significance of Study——8

1.4 Limitation——–9

1.5 Scope of Study——-11

Chapter Two

2.0 Review of Related Literature —-12

2.6 Summary of Literature Review—- 19

Chapter Three

3.0 Research Methodology and Procedure—22

3.1 Population ——–22

3.2 Sample and Sampling Technique—-22

3.3 Validation of the Instrument —-23

3.4 Reliability of the Instrument —–23

3.5 Data Analysis——-23

Chapter Four

4.0 Presentation and Discussion of Result—24

4.1 Analysis and interpretaion of Data—25

4.2 Discussion of Results——38

Chapter Five

5.0. Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendation –40

5.1 Summary——–40

5.2 Conclusion——–41

5.3 Recommendation——42

References ———45

Appendix 1——–47

Appendix ———50

Download Full Material-N5000

Related Post

Common occupational health hazards amongst Health care workers in a Tertiary Health Institution

Common occupational health hazards amongst Health care workers in a Tertiary Health Institution in Bida, North-central
Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Background: Health care workers are continually exposed to occupational health hazards. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of some occupational health hazards and their reporting behavior. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted in August 2014 among health care workers in a tertiary health institution in Bida, North-central Nigeria. A total of 200 health care workers from all the departments were included using the multi-staged random sampling technique. Relevant quantitative and qualitative data were collected using semistructured self-administered questionnaire. The participants were divided into clinical health care workers and non-clinical health care workers. The frequency distribution of the variables were calculated and presented in the form of frequency tables and figures. Results: The overall prevalence of occupational health hazard was 56.8% (n = 108). The most common occupational health hazard among clinical health care workers were needle stick injury (40.7%) and infections with hepatitis B and C viruses (13.9%) and among the non-clinical health care workers were stress (32.8%) and back pain (10.3%). Majority of the health care workers who had occupational health hazards reported appropriately to the committee concerned. Conclusions: Occupational health hazards are common among hospital health care workers and were adequately reported. Training of the health care workers on measures to mitigate these hazards may also enhance the reporting behavior and its management when it occurs.

Download Full Material-N5000

Incidence And Causes Of Infants Mortality In Nigeria

Incidence And Causes Of Infants Mortality In Nigeria.A Study  of Obi L.G.A, Benue State

ABSTRACT

Despite modest improvements in child health outcomes during the 20th century, infant and child mortality rates remain unacceptably high in Nigeria. Infant and child mortality rate in Benue State is a major concern as the State recorded 88 deaths per 1,000 live births and 179 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2010. The aimed of this study is to analyze causes of  infant and child mortality trends and differentials in Benue State and Obi LGA in particular. The objectives were to determine the level and examine the trend of infant and child mortality rate from 2005- 2014; examine the socio-economic and demographic differentials in infant and child mortality and the factors that determine infant and child mortality rate in the study area. Data from the hospitals in the Local Government Areas  were analyzed to assess the trends of infant and child mortality. A total of four hundred (400) copies of semi structured questionnaire were administered using purposive sampling technique, of which 386 were found useful for analysis. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and regression analysis using SPSS 20.0 version. The descriptive statistics showed that 66.3% of the respondents are between the ages of 20 and 34 years, 36.8% are Hausa/Fulani, 28.8% have attended secondary school, and most of the respondents (21.8%) have monthly income between ₦ 30,001-₦ 40,000. Malaria is the major cause of under-five deaths with 30.1%. Experience of under-five (U5) mortality was found to differ by education, income, and occupation. The result also shows that under-five mortality is higher between women within 15-24 than 25-34 years. Women that got married early (15-24 years) experience more under-five mortality than the adult (25-34 years). Women with no formal education were found to experience more under-five mortality than those with formal education. The level of under-five mortality in Benue State has remained high since the past 10 years with an estimated under-five mortality rate of

 

163/1,000 live births. The trends in under-five mortality in Benue State since 2005 has been on the decrease, although the decrease is small over the years in which 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 witnessed steady decline or no change in the trends of infant and child mortality. Six factors were significantly associated with under-5 mortality, namely, distance to health facility, age at first marriage, age of mothers, current marital status, level of education, and length of breast feeding. Logistic regression revealed that distance from the health facility had the most significant correlation (0.379), followed by age at first marriage (0.138), age of mother (0.118), marital status (0.064), level of education (0.064) and length of breast feeding contribute (0.054). On the basis of the findings, the study recommends that programme interventions need to focus on mothers with low socioeconomic status. Also, the adolescent girls should be encouraged to go to school to acquire at least  secondary education. This will increase age at first birth and reduce child death at first birth. Health services should be brought nearer to the communities so that mothers can have access to health facilities during pregnancy postpartum services to reduce infant and child mortality in the State.

&nbspTABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – – v
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – – viii
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – – – x
List of Tables – – – – – – – – – xv
List of Figures – – – – – – – – – – xvii
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Introduction – – – – – – – – – – 1
Statement of the Research Problem – – – – – – – 5
Aim and Objectives of the Study – – – – – – – 11
Research Hypothesis – – – – – – – – 11
Scope of the Study- – – – – – – – – 11
Justification of the Study – – – – – – – – 11
CHAPTER TWO: CONCEPTUAL, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – – 13
2.2 Conceptual Framework- – – – – – – – 13
2.2.1 Neonatal Mortality- – – – – – – – – 13
2.2.2 Post-neonatal Mortality- – – – – – – – 14
2.2.3 Infant and Child Mortality- – – – – – – – 15

2.2.4 Under-five Mortality- – – – – – – – – 15
Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 16
Literature Review- – – – – – – – – 19
Labour Market Status of the Mother – – – – – 19
Biological and Maternal Determinants of Child Survival – – – 19
Socioeconomic Determinants of Child Survival – – – – 19
Parent‟s Education – – – – – – – – 21
Place of Residence – – – – – – – – 23
Labour Market Status of the Mother- – – – – – 24
Demographic Differences and Infant and Child Mortality- – – – 25
2.4.8 Birth Order – – – – – – – – – 27
Birth Interval- – – – – – – – – 27
Age of the Mother- – – – – – – – – 29
Sex of the Child- – – – – – – – – 31
Environmental Health Determinants of Child Survival – – – – 33
Nutrient Deficiency as a Determinant of Child Survival – – – – 36
Healthy Seeking Behaviour as a Determinant of Child Survival – – – 37
2.4.15 Income – – – – – – – – – – 38
2.4.16 Breastfeeding and Immunization- – – – – – – 39
2.4.17 Mortality – – – – – – – – – – 40
Culture and Norms – – – – – – – – – 41
Overview of Malnutrition- – – – – – – – 41
Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Children Under Five Years- – – – 42
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor Among Children in the Urban Slums- – – 43
Hunger and Realities of Under Nourishment- – – – – 44
Anthropometric Indicators of Child Malnutrition- – – – – 45
Relevant to the Reviewed Materials to the Study- – – – – 46
CHAPTER THREE: THE STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
THE STUDY AREA- – – – – – – – 47
Location and Size – – – – – – – – 47
Physical Setting- – – – – – – – – 47
3.1.3 Climate – – – – – – – – – 48
Geology and Relief- – – – – – – – – 50
Soil and Vegetation- – – – – – – – – 51
Historical Development – – – – – – – 52
Population and Growth Distribution- – – – – – – 53
The Economic Activities- – – – – – – – 53
Basic Infrastructure and facilities- – – – – – – 56
METHODOLOGY – – – – – – – – 58
3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey- – – – – – – – 58
3.2.2 Types of Data– – – – – – – – – 58
3.2.3 Sources of Data- – – – – – – – – 58
3.2.4 Sample Frame- – – – – – – – – 60
3.2.5 Sampling Size and Sampling Technique – – – – – 60
3.2.6 Data Analysis– – – – – – – – – 63
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCURSSION
4.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – – 64
4.2 Demographic and Socio-economic Characteristics of the Respondents- – 64
4.2.1 Age and Ethnicity- – – – – – – – – 64
4 .2.2 Religion of the Respondents- – – – – – – – 65
Education, Occupation and Income of the respondents- – – – 66
Marital Status of the Respondents- – – – – – – 69
Age at Marriage- – – – – – – – – 74
Age at First Birth- – – – – – – – – 71
Type of Marital Union– – – – – – – – 72
Household Size of the Respondents – – – – – – 72
Number of Children in the Household – – – – – 74
Number of Surviving Children- – – – – – – 75
Sex Preference- – – – – – – – – 75
Type and Ownership of Accommodation- – – – – – 76
Health Facility- – – – – – – – – 78
ANC Visitation and Health Care Centre Patronage – – – – 78
Postnatal Care Visitation and Reason for Health Care Centers Patronage- – 80
Distance to and Means of Mobility to Health care Facilities – – – 82
Water Supply and Type of Toilet Facilities- – – – – – 84
4.5 Nutrition- – – – – – – – – 85
Breast Feeding Practices – – – – – – – – 85
Introduction of Solid Food – – – – – – – – 87
Supplementary Feeding- – – – – – – – 88
Under-five Feeding Food- – – – – – – – 89
INFANT, CHILD MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
4.5.1 Introduction- – – – – – – – – – 91
4.5.2 Type of Morbidity- – – – – – – – – 91
4.5.3 Immunization– – – – – – – – – 95
Use of Mosquitoes Nets- – – – – – – – 93
Causes of Infant and Child Mortality – – – – – – 93
Levels Trends and Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality- – – 96
Test of Hypothesis – – – – – – – – – 127
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Summary of the Findings- – – – – – – – 129
5.2 Conclusion- – – – – – – – – – 132
5.3 Recommendations- – – – – – – – – 133
5.3.1 Recommendation(s) for Further Research- – – – – – 136
REFERENCES- – – – – – – – – – 140

Download Full Material-N5000

Contents

EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND ABORTION ON HEATH STATUS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS

EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND ABORTION ON HEATH STATUS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

Teenage pregnancy is a major public health and social problem the world over and its incidence is on the increase (Aboyeji 1997, Boyd 2000). Concern about the increase in unmarried adolescent pregnancy has been expressed throughout Africa (Letanro 1993). There is consensus that this is a phenomenon with detrimental effects for African society. The observed consequence include contributions to higher infant mortality (Becker 1993), potential barriers to the development of the woman, increased maternal morbidity and mortality (Garenne 1997) and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (Gyepi-Gabrah 1987). It is contributing substantially to overall fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Taken as a region, the countries of Sub-Saharan Africa have the highest level of early child bearing in the world (Barker et al 1992).

Teenage pregnancy constitutes a health hazard both to the mothers and the fetus. The mother is at increased risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, anaemia, obstructed labour and its sequelae (Okpani et al 1995, Ojengbede et al 1987, Uwaezuoke et al 2004). They are also three times more likely to die as a result of the complications of pregnancy and delivery than those aged 20-24 (Aboyeji et al 2001, UNFPA 2000). The fetus is prone to be delivered preterm, small for gestational age and has an increased risk of peri-natal death (Ojengbede et al 1987, Uwaezuoke et al 2004, Aboyeji et al 2001). The main issues that have strongly influenced the pattern of adolescent pregnancy include the declining age at menarche and the increase in the number of years spent in school. This influences the timing of marriage. Adolescents who have finished at least 7 years of schooling (in developing countries) are more likely to delay marriage until after the age of 18 years (Salako et al 2006). This increases the length of time that they are exposed to the risk of adolescent pregnancy. The reason for teenage pregnancy varies from country to country and from region to region within the same country. Factors that are associated with teenage pregnancy include rapid urbanization, low socioeconomic status, low educational and career aspiration, residence in a single parent home and poor family relationship (Adegbenga et al 2003). In 1999, Nigeria’s adolescent fertility rate was 111 births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19, and Nigerian women averaged more than five births during their lifetime.

The emotional trauma associated with an unwanted pregnancy in adolescents can be overwhelming. The society is absolutely judgmental when it comes to issues of adolescent pregnancy. This attitude has however not diminished in no way the incidence of unwanted pregnancies amongst Nigerian adolescents (Eugene 2000). In a study in the southwest of Nigeria, nearly half of the females have been pregnant before as well as two thirds of those not currently enrolled in school (James-Iraore 2001). This study examined the Effect Of Pregnancy And Abortion On Heath Status Of Secondary School Students

EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND ABORTION ON HEATH STATUS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA
Download Full Material-N5000