THE EFFECT OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ON ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of Study

Production which is concerned with creation of utility provides for activities that produced goods through forms, time and place. This is the reason for Olayinka and Aminu’s (2006: 345) opinion that production is not complete in the absence of adequate technological capacity, strength or Ageing condition of equipment and quality control. In their explanation production in organizations when focused on innovative management (i.e technology) produced results that stands today’s world of intense competition and rapidly changing consumers tastes, wants and values. No organization relaxes and hope that at the end any goods produced will be sold. To stay relevant to the environment and stakeholders, organizations production requires planning that guarantees preferred quality by consumers. At this, Ewurum (2004) encourages that organizations continuously evolve means developing and managing production and products capable of creating product standard as well as sustainable value that satisfies customers through competitive advantage of such organization.

Thus, production planning of organizations are effective when it constantly explores and traverses the frontiers of innovation for new idea, methods, technology and products that can give the much-needed competitive edge. Production planning that gives organizations deserve product quality according to Onuoha (1999:173) is one in which the future and its consequences are predicted inline with recent trends. It is expected to involve acquiring the right materials using predetermined cost and times. In other words, relevant raw materials are purchased, processed in the right time, place and persons by way of finished products. As such production planning enables organizations to provides for future uncertainties or at least ameliorate their negative effects in product quality . what production planning is effectively carried out in organizations, ambiguity, errors, wastes and underutilization of resources are minimized for maximum productivity and quality product/service delivery to customers.

However, Chang’s (2001) assessment is that production planning that results into product quality of organizations depends on the type of plan in place. He specifically encouraged that organizations should embrace both short and long term production plan in addition to stipulated production policies, procedures, rules, programmes, projects and budgets. Production planning for product quality control according to him (Chang, 2001) is set to meet production of right quality and quantity.

The quality of the product is established based on the customer’s needs, customer’s needs are translated into product specifications by the design for engineering department. The manufacturing department then translates these specifications into measurable objectives. Thus the cost/quality trade off decides the final quality of the product. Therefore, a proper balance is obtained such that the product quality offered to the customer is within the pre-established manufacturing cost.

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THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS AND SERVICES IN AGUATA L.G.A ANAMBRA STATE

ABSTRACT

This research “Evaluation of Transportation Problems and their effects on Distribution of Goods and Services (A Study of Aguata Local Government Area, Anambra State)” aimed to identify the numerous obstacles that have militated against the growth of distribution of goods and services in Aguata local government area. The research is equally targeted at discovering the solutions of distribution of goods and services throughout transportation mean. This research is also aim at proffering recommendations as to the possible mean by which the problem of transportation and distribution of goods and service can be eliminated as a tool for distribution growth. This research also helps to improve the predictive power in business by offering relevant solution to the problems of transportation and distribution of goods and services in Aguata local government area. Three research questions were formulated to guide the researcher. The design of the study is a survey design; this necessitated the information of research question and questionnaires. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection. The findings includes: it is observed that the research work of this project that despite the construction of different forms of transportation system to cover this project primitive system of transport and enhance distribution system the aims were defeated. This is because some areas in Aguata local government area are still lacking forms of transportation and consequently the goods process by them are not able to distributed to the areas where they are needed. The local government has not been able to bring out sufficient or more transit to aid in the distribution of goods, both in rural and urban area. In this case, efficient and effective distribution is lacking the local government area, because the aim have not been achieved for instance there have been road problem which contributed to the distribution of goods at the time it is needed it also caused the spoilage of perishable goods it has been found out also that management neglects their functions they do not discharge their duty effectively and providently this constitutes one of the impending factor in the distribution of goods in both the urban periphery. It was concluded that to maintain continuity and profit by the company drivers especially in Aguata local government area, risk bearing and corporate planning strategies should be a factors which ought not to be disregarded. Also private and public transport should in providing their vehicle to firms that need their help for delivering of goods at a reduced price, therefore we conclude that goods and effective transport system should be enforced in the light of the findings and conclusion it was recommended that for this obvious reason, effort have to be made by the individual in the production sector of the local government and those who are in the other sectors should realize that by having adequate transportations facilities to rural areas the availability of local food stuff will be increased in area with the population this should be done by providing more buses for the local government offer prompt delivery of goods besides that repair and grading the roads that leads to those hinter lands will be of great to the distribution of goods in effects, it will reduce the price of goods as have seen in the work, that due to inaccessibility of some areas, price of goods available in those are inflated because there is no means of getting in more goods.

CHAPTER 1/INTRODUCTION

1.1   BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

        In the transport context appraisal is always likely to be complex with interactions at many levels with other policy areas. The government white papers a new deals for transport better for everyone (Peter, 1998), sets in place the policy context for dealing with transport and highlight the complexity of transport problem and the interactions with other policy, areas our quality of life depend on transport, most of us travel every day, even if only locally. And we need an efficient transport system to support a strong and prosperous economy. But in turn, the way we travel is damaging our town and cities and harming our country side as demand for transport grows, we are even changing the every climate of our planet: transport appraisal is carried out to provide input to efficient policy development and resources allocation across government.

To be effective, must deal consistently with competing proposals be even handed across modes and take account of wide range of effects his guidance represents the department attempt ensure that transport appraisal are carried out effectively it has been written to be broadly consistent with the green book for anyone wishing to appraise a transport scheme in England should you identify any apparent contradiction between target an early stage in the study process the current future transport related problems will have been identified analyzed and displayed using text, tables and plots as appropriate as assessment of the text to which the problems identified would be solved by the option or option propose need to be made considering both absolute and relative performance against key indicators. It is possible that the second and third of these appraisal stands may amount to much the same thing, although this will clearly depend on the nature of the local and regional objectives adopted and the form of the local problems analysis.

This analysis is also likely to be particular interest to regional and local authorities and the local people and additional locally transport providers. These issues are distribution/specially, across mode etc the impacts of the solution, thus enabling an assessment to be made about the fairness of impact on those affected. Affordability and financials sustainability which aim to outline the financial performance of the solution identifying public acceptability which follow as checklist that includes such measure as feasibility are of interest, complexity political nature of solution.

1.2   STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

1. The neglect of transport sector by the management in the distribution of goods in the local government and it has caused economic backwardness to the local government.
2. Poor roads which surround the Aguata local government area constitute a problem, especially in the rural area where there is no good road. This has raised alarm from various media houses in the state for proper maintenance of roads and construction of new ones to aid rural areas.
3. The high cost of transportation facilities increase the price of freight chargeable one goods for distribution and this cause the increase in production cost.
4. Poor transportation system has made it difficult for some towns and village in the local government to dispose their product from agricultural sector.
5. Most of the vehicles transporting the goods are not motor-able most of the vans get spoiled on the way and the goods damaged before reaching desired customers.

1.3   PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The purpose of the study means the objective of the study i.e. the purpose for carrying out the research.

This research aimed to identify the numerous obstacles that have militated against the growth of distribution of goods and services in Aguata Local Government Area. The research is equally targeted at discovering the solutions of distribution of goods and service throughout transportation means. This research is also aimed at proffering recommendations as to the possible mean by which the problem of transportation and distribution of goods and services can be eliminated as a tool for distribution growth.

This research also helps to improve the predictive power in business by offering relevant solution to the problem of transportation and distribution of goods and services in Aguata local government area.

1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of the study is geared towards the distribution of goods in Aguata local government area and those obstacles that hinders them for clarity, we will use the below yardstick for measuring effectiveness.

1. The amount of goods that are distributed into the villages.
2. The prices of the distributed goods if the proseis high why and if the price is low, what make it to be low.

Aguata local government should understand that the economic growth of any, lies on the annual turnover. If goods are not needed, it will hinder production and the economy will degenerate. The rural area should have an asset to all this products that are produced in the towns and also the town as well will benefit from the remote part of the local government area. Business men wholesalers will benefit more if goods are adequately distributed to the potential consumers and the circle continuous and economy flows.

1.5   RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Some of the research questions useful for this work includes:

1. Try to know if management inefficiency influence transportation in Aguata local government area?
2. The roles which advertisement and awareness play transport strategies in the area?

• Knowing if bad roads and distance affect price of product distribution in Aguata local government area?

1. To find out if high tax rate affect the distribution price?
2. To find out if high cost of transportation facilities influence the price of goods and services?
3. To know if poor transportation system has affected most areas in the local government in getting the finished goods and services?

1.6   SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In Nigeria and all over the world, transportation and distribution of goods and services is every vital to an area, from the research conducted. It was observed that transportation facilities the carrying of goods from one place to another and it is common in all limited to transporting of goods and services in Aguata local government area due to the following factors.

1. Time: Due to lack of appropriate time that is involved in this project work. I cannot go beyond Aguata local government area for more research work on the transportation problem in the distribution of goods.
2. High cost of transportation: This is another factor that hinders the program of this project the fact that one could have travelled to so many area for the research purpose but due to high cost of transport fare one cannot afford further research. Besides that lack of vehicles contributed against the research work.

1.7   DEFINITION OF TERM

Distribution Channels: This is defined as part followed by products as it changes hand and acquires more usefulness in the movement from production to consumptions.

Production: This is the provision of goods and service capable of satisfying human wants.

Economic development: This is described as making the best use lot all the resources available in a country with production in order to enhance the standard of living.

Raw Material: This could defined as the goods which are still in their primary style that will be turned into finished product.

Economic planning: This involves allocation of resources by the government in such a way that growth is smooth and as repaired as possible leading to an overall improvement in the standard of living of the people.Download Full Material-N5000

EFFECT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Materials are classified according to many different criteria including their physical and chemical characteristics as well as their intended applications whether it is thermal, optical, electrical, magnetic, or combined materials can be anything consisting of pure or impure substance, a singular composite or a complex mix, living or non-living matter, whether natural or man-made, either concrete or abstract ideas. . Ibeneme (2000) defined teaching aids as those materials used for practical and demonstration in the class situation by students and teachers.

Instructional materials are essential and significant tools needed for teaching and learning of school subjects to promote teachers’ efficiency and improve students’ performance. They make learning more interesting, practical, realistic and appealing. They also enable both the teachers and students to participate actively and effectively in lesson sessions. They give room for acquisition of skills and knowledge and development of self- confidence and self- actualization. They are print and non-print items that impact information to students in the educational process. Instructional materials include items such as: kits, textbooks, magazines, newspapers, pictures, recording videos etc. Fadeiye (2005) saw instructional materials as visual and audio-visual aids, concrete or non-concrete, used by teachers to improve the quality of teaching and learning activities in Social Studies. Agina-Obu (2005) submitted that instructional materials of all kinds appeal to the sense organs during teaching and learning.  Instructional materials play a very important role in the teaching and learning process. It enhances the memory level of the students. At this time that education has spread wide and entirely, oral teaching cannot be the key to successful pedagogy. Therefore the teacher has to use instructional materials to make teaching and learning process interesting (NIC hulls, 2003; Raw 2006) .The Board is also responsible for the content of all instructional materials used in a classroom, whether adopted and purchased from the state-adopted instructional materials list, adopted and purchased through the District instructional materials program or otherwise purchased or made available in the classroom.

Orji (2000) asserts that teaching aid is “the guidance of learning activities” that “a teacher uses to motivate and arouse student’s desire to learn” From the fore-going statement, it can be agreed that for effective learning to take place, a student need to be properly guided by the teacher by way of employing various method and means through which his teaching could be meaningful.

Instructional materials and resources shall be provided in a variety of formats that are appropriate, timely, and essential to the attainment of specified educational objectives and are free of bias, stereotypes, distortions, and prejudices. These items may be provided in a variety of forms, bound, unbound, kit, or package form and may consist of hard backed or soft backed textbooks, electronic content, consumables, learning laboratories, manipulative, electronic media, and computer courseware or software. Instructional materials, including textbooks, educational media (library media print, nonpoint, and electronic resources), computer software, digital content, videotapes used by teachers to aid explanations and make learning of subject matter understandable to students during teaching learning process. The Board must either (1) adopt instructional materials selected from the state-approved materials according to the state adoption cycles, (2) adopt instructional materials pursuant to a Board instructional materials review program prescribed by this policy, or (3) a combination of both.

Isola (2010) also described instructional materials as objects or devices that assist the teachers to present their lessons logically and sequentially to the learners. Obanya (2004) asserted that several studies carried out in some areas in Nigeria indicated that the results of Senior School Certificate Examinations was completely bad in nearly all subjects offered by the students. He stressed further that only about 10% of candidates ‘meaningfully passed’ the examination. Abdu-Raheem (2011) asserted that non availability and inadequacy of instructional materials are major causes of ineffectiveness of the school system and poor performance of students in schools. Ahmed (2003) confirmed that in most secondary schools in Nigeria, teaching and learning take place under a most un-conducive environment without access to essential materials. Eniayewu (2005) posited that it is very important to use instructional aids for instructional delivery to make students acquire more knowledge and to promote academic standard.

The use of instructional materials can enhance the learning performance. Cronbach (2009) states the important elements of behaviour that provides the base for learning theory situation which consists of all the objects, persons and symbols in the learning environment. Experience in situation prepares a person to respond to similar situation in future. Use of instructional materials can appeal to the individual attention by creating interest goal that will help the learner achieve direct effort. Teacher’s problem of motivation is essentially one of arranging situation with instructional materials in which the learner will see goals he want to attain. Brown etal (2005) summarized the role of teaching aids as follows:

• It promotes meaningful communication and effective learning.
• They ensure better retention, thus making learning more permanent.
• They help to overcome the limited classroom by making the inaccessible accessible.
• They provide a common experience upon which late learning can be developed. ·They stimulate and motivate students to learn.

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• They encourage participation especially if students are allowed to manipulate materials used. Osuala (2010) in his own contribution said it does not only help to motivate and develop interest on the part of the student, but also help to bring about an enhance respect for teachers knowledge of the subject. Instructional materials are also described as concrete or both to the sense organs during teaching (Aginna-Obu 2000).The nature of the learning and the wide range of student’s abilities in the average classroom necessitate a high degree of teachers and experience in the method of presenting the subject matter. This has been truncated with the unavailability of instructional materials in schools. However, a common goal a teacher carries wherever he is, to make lesson presentation vitally fresh, stimulating and testing for their students. This will help the teacher to individualize the learning method as well as the content and also working according to the student’s need. This goal can be reached most effectively through the use of instructional materials. The need to emphasis on the use and importance

of instructional materials in any learning and teaching environment cannot be underestimated. For any learning to take place, the teacher has to make use of these materials that would enable him to teach effectively.

Equipment and other instructional materials to the some extent determine the method the teacher uses in teaching physics. The method adopted could be demonstration, experimental, discussion, inquiry-based method, explanation etc. It is generally agreed by both teachers and school administrators that apart from the most boards and textbooks which are often available for the teacher to use, there are other materials that aid or are capable of complementing the teacher’s effort in teaching/learning process. Those materials are commonly called “instructional materials. One of the reasons why students in our secondary schools sometime find it difficult to comprehend immediately what is being taught by the teacher is the non availability of instructional materials that can easily convey the message of the lesson to the learners. In addition, Ajayi and Ayodele (2001) stressed the importance of availability of instructional materials to achieving effectiveness in educational delivery and supervision in the school system. Ogbondah (2008) alerted on the gross inadequacy and under utilization of instructional materials necessary to compensate for the inadequacies of sense organs and to reinforce the capacity of dominant organs. He noted that school teachers should try their possible best in the provision of locally made materials in substitution for the standard ones to promote their lessons.

Abdu-Raheem (2014) encouraged teachers to improvise teaching aids because they are in great measure enhance learners’ full participation in the lesson, gives room for inquiry, problem-solving, discussion and clarification of issues and ideas among students and the teacher.

He suggested the needs for teachers to find necessary materials for instruction to supplement what textbooks provide in order to broaden concepts and arouse students ‘interests in the subject, attested that effective teaching and learning requires a teacher to teach the students with instructional materials and use practical activities to make learning more vivid, logical, realistic and pragmatic. Esu, Enukoha and Umoren (2004) agreed that instructional materials are indispensable to the effective teaching and learning activities.

Enaigbe (2009) noted that basic materials such as textbooks, most board and essential equipment like computer, projector, television and video are not readily available in many schools. In a town study, Olumorin, Yusuf, Ajidagba and Jekayinfa (2010) observed that instructional materials help teachers to teach conveniently and the learners to learn easily without any problem

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the most problems facing Nigeria education today is poor performance in science education. The rate of student poor academic performance in physics is really disturbing, internal and external examination. The poor academic performance of students in physics has attributed to many factors which are lack of instructional material and skills needed for effective teaching and inability to provide or improvise material relative to the topic depending on the school type. Unqualified teachers and teacher’s attitude towards effective teaching and learning, lack of student interest in physics as subject. It is observed that most students complain of being taught principles that seem to be abstract in nature because materials such as textbooks, most board and essential equipment like computer, projector, television and video are not readily available in many schools. In Indian axioms that says, what I hear, I may forget but what see, hear and touch I will never forget. This is because physics teachers adopt the verbalistic and theoretical method as a way of teaching and learning of physics thereby making students to loose interest. In Nigeria, for example experience has shown that spoken words alone in the communication of ideas are grossly ineffective and inefficient in producing desired learning outcomes. One of the major problems facing education sector in Nigeria is the low level of the performance of secondary school students in both local and standardized examinations. It has become a great concern for researchers, educators and all education stake-holders over the years. It was observed that students usually fail in examinations owing to improper teaching methods and lack of essential teaching aids for instructional delivery. (Afolabi, 2009). This study therefore deemed it necessary to look specifically into the contributions of instructional materials to academic performance of secondary school students in physics. The reason for this could be ascribed to the fact that there are topics in Physics that pose serious problem of comprehension to students. These topics cannot be taught effectively without the use of relevant instructional materials to make the learning practical. However, the questions here are: does the use of instructional materials really influence student’s academic performance? Is teaching effectiveness enhanced by the use of instructional materials?  Could students learning be advanced by the use of instructional materials? Finding answers to these questions and more summarizes the entire problem of this study

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has both theoretical and practical significances. In the theoretical aspect, it is the use of Jean Piaget on the cognitive development and behavioral learning theory which center on the child development knowledge, intelligence and high level of thinking that allows the child to acquire problem solving skills by inventing or constructing reality out of experience and thus mix their observation with their ideas about how the world works.  It also provides individual with a certain behavioural management plan or change based on observation in the classroom. On the practical aspect, the findings of the study will benefit the followings, the students, schools, physics teachers, textbook writers, curriculum planners and government. Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaningful and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information. Through interaction with the physical situations, or concrete objects, a child’s physical experience accumulates and he is able to conceptualize, think creatively and logically. The child therefore develops skills to abstract problems. According to this theory, learners are the makers of knowledge and meaning Constructivists believe that “learners construct their own reality or at least interpret it based upon their perceptions of experiences, so an individual’s knowledge is a function of one’s prior experiences, mental structures, and beliefs that are used to interpret objects and events.” “What someone knows is grounded in perception of the physical and social experiences which are

Students: the study will change student attitude to learn physics since the use of instructional during teaching and learning made the lesson very interesting by having direct contact with the material by touching, smelling or tasting of the object thereby enhancing their performance in the subject in question. This is because according to Nwadinigwe (2000), learning is a process through which knowledge, skills, habits, facts, ideas and principles are acquired, retained and utilized; and the only means of achieving this is through the use of instructional materials.

School: it help the school have a well equipped laboratory and a good environment on production of improvised and standardize resource material suitable for teaching and learning without waiting for government tom provide it for them. It also helps know the number of student in the classroom and proper monitoring of teachers or student teacher on the use of instructional material.

Textbook writers: inclusion of instructional material needed to teacher the particular topic base on specific objectives.

Physic teachers:  The effective use of standardize or improvised material to make the teaching effective and productive base on observation and evaluation. This is in line with assertion of Ekwueme and Igwe (2001) who noted that it is only teachers who will guarantee effective and adequate usage of instructional materials and thereby facilitate success. He further says that instructional materials are of high value in importing information, clarifying difficult and abstract concepts, stimulating thought, sharpening observation, creating interest and satisfying individual difference.

Government:production and provision of resource instructional material to school base on the subject offered. Organizing  seminar and workshop on the utilization of instructional material especially in the area of science and technology. And parent teacher their children on how to embrace technology.

Curriculum planner: when developing syllabus and scheme of work, space for the provision of instruction material should be made with related topics and days of supervision of teachers with instructional material.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This study is focused on investigating the effect of instructional material in academic performance of physics student in secondary school in Udi Local Government  Area of Benue State. It was carried in senior secondary school two (SSII) class public schools in Udi Local Government due to they have covered some topics in SS1 and are heading to exam class. but was restricted to five government sec limited to Katsiana-Ala of Benue state. Which are

1. Community Scecondary Amozalla Girls
2. Community secondary school Amoku Affa
3. Community Secondary School Ogoh-Affa
4. Community Secondary school Akpakume Nze

The topics are

1. Electromagnetic induction
2. Waves
3. Electricity

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

The main aim of the study is to critically analyze the Effect Of Instructional Materials On Students Performance In Physics In Senior Secondary School in senior secondary school in katsiana-Ala local government area of Benue state. The study tends to find out the following:

1. The mean performance scores of physics students taught with instructional materials and those taught without instructional materials.
2. Determine if such effect depends on gender (sex) of students.

Research Questions

In the field of physics, it has been observed that the use of instructional materials play a major role to the teaching and learning of physics. Based on the above observation, the researcher generated the following questions to guide the study:

1. What is the mean performance scores of physics students taught with instructional materials and those taught without instructional materials?
2. What are the mean performance scores of male and female students taught with instructional materials?

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses were generated for the study:

1. The performance mean scores of students will not be significantly different in the experimental and control groups.
2. The performance mean scores of students in Physics will be significantly different based on gender.

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