THE ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO) IN THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

It has always been presupposed that United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have a lot of activities going on not only in Nigeria, but the countries of the world in general. Their role can only be understood by examining
their activities in the educational scientific and cultural disposition particularly as it affects human rights. UNESCO is an Agency of United Nations (U.N) created by the provisions of Articles 53 and 63 of the United Nations Charter. It is created not only as an instrument for reconstruction but also as instrument for building peace through understanding, exchange of useful knowledge to economically less developed countries and for national cultural relations program. Countless efforts at international cooperation in the fields of education, science and culture were made in London in 1945. Thus, the general theme that runs through the activities of UNESCO in Nigeria and other countries is the diffusion of culture and education of humanity for justice, liberty and peace as indispensable to the dignity of man constitute a sacred duty to maintain and protect these principles by all nations based on the spirit of mutual assistance and concern. Basically, UNESCO was founded due to the experiences of the Second World War of 1939-1945. Hence it was established to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations of the world through education, science culture in order to further universal respect for justice, rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedom to all people and nations of the world without difference on account of race, sex language or religion. Nigeria and many developing nations are members of UNESCO. UNESCO has been carrying out series of programmes in Nigeria involving direct and indirect actions
designed to deal with the complex problems in the development of education, science culture and information respectively. In 1947 and 1949, UNESCO expanded its role of information service to publication of books such as “A book of NEEDS’. This book outlined the basic needs and situation in member countries. It also produced pamphlets on children as victims of war. There are several newsletters on war devastated laboratories, art galleries, museums and libraries. Nigeria actually benefited from the activities of UNESCO in a number of ways. This study will consider some of these both in Nigeria and in other parts of the world.

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREVENTION AND MITIGATION OF ETHNORELIGIOUS CONFLICTS IN NIGERIA

Abstract:

In its 50 year history as an independent nation, Nigeria has experienced over two hundred recorded violent ethno-religious disturbances. The first major ethno-religious disturbance exploded in 1966 as a direct result of political crisis in one of the regions that spiraled out of hand and led to the fall of the federal government. A civil war ensued which threatened the corporate existence of Nigeria. After the civil war, a decade of relative peace followed in the 1970s. Ethno-religious disturbances resurfaced in the early 1980s and have since refused to go away, with on and off flashes of violence here and there. This dissertation is a research work on ethno-religious crisis. Citizenship is found to be at the root of the conflicts, more particularly the “rights of the citizen” outside his so-called “state of origin” which is responsible for countless indigene-settler conflicts across the country. The study examined the extant laws of the land, from the Constitution to legislation, as well as policies of the Federal Government vis-à-vis “rights of the citizen” and impact of the law on sectarian conflicts. Findings were made that indicated contradictions in provisions of the Constitution, exacerbating disputes as to the correct position of the law. In a test of “law and morality”, a field study was conducted. Research questionnaire and interviews were tools used to collect data and interpretations made. Findings were made that indicated contradictions between the position of the law and the moral values of the people with regards “rights of the citizen”, further exacerbating the crisis. In the end, the study drew conclusions and made recommendations on the way out of the seemingly intractable crises.

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JOINT VENTURE AGREEMENTS AS A TOOL FOR REVITALIZING NIGERIA’S SOLID MINERALS SUB SECTOR

Abstract:

Statement The contribution of solid minerals to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Foreign Exchange earnings of the country has been on the decline since the discovery of the Oil Minerals (Crude Oil) and its commercial exploitation in the late 1950s. The unwholesome reliance on the mineral has not only led to the progressive neglect of other sectors of the economy such as Agriculture, Mining, Manufacturing etc. but has also led to structural imbalances in the economy, with the effect becoming manifest in the 1990s. To address this problem the Government has decided to explore other viable alternatives that have hitherto been neglected in order to diversify the revenue base of the country. The solid minerals sub sector is a viable alternative in this regard and there are indications that if properly harnessed, the sector has the potential of contributing substantially to the revenue earnings of the country in the 21st century. However, given the long period of neglect it has suffered, concerted efforts must be made to revitalize it and properly position if for the role expected of it as a major source of revenue earning. One of the ways of achieving this objective is through the use of Joint Venture Agreements. A Joint Venture Agreement is essentially a relationship between two or more persons to conduct a common business for their mutual benefit with the underlying understanding that shall share in the profits and losses and each shall have a stake in its management. Solid minerals development encompassing the stages of prospecting exploration and exploitation is heavily capital intensive with long gestation periods and the pooling of financial resources from several partners, both local and international, under a Joint Venture arrangement is the most effective and less burdening way of developing the sub sector.

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