Month: December 2020

Dec 31

THE EFFECT OF OPTIMISM ON WORK ENGAGEMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION

THE EFFECT OF OPTIMISM ON WORK ENGAGEMENT IN AN ORGANIZATION A STUDY OF LAGOS STATE CIVIL SERVICES

Abstract:

The concepts of optimism and employee engagement as mechanisms to improving individual performance have been discussed in management literature. Although studies on optimism in the workplace are relatively limited, evidence certainly exists that links the concept to improvement in individual and workplace performance. This study sought to investigate the extent to which optimism influence work Engagement among middle level managers in. The study was informed by social learning theory. To achieve this, the study adopted a cross sectional quantitative survey design. The target population was the middle level managers in Lagos state civil servive. A total of 389 middle level managers were sampled and self-administered questionnaires issued. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS computer software. Multiple regression model indicated that optimism predicts 0.036 (3.6%) of work engagement which was insignificant. Consequently, the predictor did not have a statistically significant effect on Work engagement. The coefficients show that the prediction of work engagement in relation to optimism was insignificant (β1= 0.013, p>.01). Thus optimism was not a significant predictor of work engagement, though methodological limitations may have impacted on this result. This study recommends government agencies in Nigeria  to assess and identify optimistic employees and also cultivate a working environment that promotes optimism. Executives would promote optimism by instituting measures and practices within its operating systems that create a work environment that assures the employees of their future. Managers ought to be faithful to its promises, particularly on matters touching employees. They should also be able to identify and nurture optimistic employees, by so doing they enhance the level of employee engagement and subsequent improvement of organizational performance.

Dec 31

THE EFFECT OF SURVIVAL STRATEGIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE

THE EFFECT OF SURVIVAL STRATEGIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISE

ABSTRACT

This research project is on the Effect of Survival Strategies on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprise with references (A Case Study of Selected Small Business in Lagos Sub-Urban). This research work is generally about the effects Survival Strategies on the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprise.  The project has undertook the general introduction into the research work led to the review of various literature that relates to the major variables involved in the research work especially Small and medium scale enterprises that speed up the rate of social economic development of many countries, particularly developing countries. They serve as system for attainment of national objective in terms of employment generation at low investment cost and also the development of entrepreneurial capabilities and indigenous technology. Various studies conducted indicated about 50 per cent of small and medium scale enterprises surveyed did not receive external finance while 77 percent indicated lacked of access to financial resources. The secret behind the success of a self-reliant strategy in any economy does not lie solely in any particular socio-political or socio-economic philosophy, but so much on people’s attitude to small enterprises.  The data collected were analyzed through the use of frequency distribution table and chi-square statistical tool to determine whether a number of proportions to be studied are equal. The yes and no scale would be used to analyze the data for the study, research questions would be analyzed using the percentage analysis from the questionnaire retained. Base on the finding Internal characteristics and problems of SMEs. Most small and medium scale enterprises in Nigeria are battling with serious internal problem. There problem range from poor management practices, lack of well planned marketing strategy, among other internal survival strategies and also reveals that with more government institutions in place such as National Directorate of Employment (NDE), Small and medium enterprise development agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN), small and medium enterprises equity investment Scheme (SMEEIS) the performance of SME’S will greatly improve, it recommends that establishment of more industrial development centre (IDCs) according to finding will boost SMEs activities in the country Base on this, attention should be given to the development of  more centres as this will aids in making the business environment conducive for more investors and It is a known fact that some small and medium scale enterprises are operating at a very abysmal level. Therefore, the need of authority concern at all level to intensify effort toward boosting their performance (SMEs), as it has been considered to be a catalyst for economic growth and national development both in developed and developing countries.

Dec 31

Bacteria contamination on fresh vegetables

Bacteria contamination on fresh vegetables

Abstract

The main purposes of this study were to determine the bacteriological load and safety of some fresh vegetables irrigated with Awetu River in Jimma town, southwestern Ethiopia. Water and vegetable samples were collected from three different irrigation sites and analyzed for their bacteriological contaminants following standard procedures. The maximum overall means of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, aerobic spore formers, staphylococci, and total and fecal coliform counts were 8.06, 7.10, 6.54, and 2.97 log CFU g−1 and 1036 and 716 MPN 100 mL−1, respectively. The microflora of vegetable samples was dominated by Bacillus species (32.7%) followed by Enterobacteriaceae (25%) and Micrococcus (16%). Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. were detected in 24.0% and 20.7% of the samples, respectively. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime sodium, and penicillin G (100.0% each). All the Salmonella isolates were also resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, cefuroxime sodium, and penicillin G (100.0% each). The findings reveal that the river water used for irrigation in this study is a possible preharvest source of contamination to fresh vegetables which potentially constitutes a health risk to consumers.

Dec 30

IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA.

IMPACT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA.

ABSTRACT

 

 

This research work was designed to determine Topic : Impact Of Small And Medium Scale Enterprises In Nigeria. Some selected enterprises were used as a case study and questionnaires were administered in order to extract information on this project. The objectives of the study includes to identify the roles of small and medium enterprises in the development of the Nigeria economy and to evaluate the problems the encountered in the establishment of small businesses. Some literature were reviewed in relation to the topic with the themes and sub themes of the study. However, in research methodology, the researcher used some instruments for data collection. These instrument s emanated from both the primary and secondary source of data. The data collected were analyzed, grouped into frequency, computed and arranged in tables for easy references. The statistics tools for analysis are the simple percentage and chi-square technique. These techniques were appropriately applied at 5% level of significance. The result of the study shows that small and medium enterprise plays a vital role in the development of Nigerian economy despite the various problems the encounter in the establishment of small businesses. Some recommendation were also made based on the results of the findings

Dec 30

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE

Abstract

 

The aim of the study was to analyze the impact of social media on the student’s academic performance [A study of students of University of Abuja]. To achieve this, the survey research method was used. Subjects were drawn from the University of Abuja, using the simple random sampling technique and purposive sampling. Four research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that a great number of students in University of Abuja, had access to the internet. To this end, the researcher recommended that sites should be created for educational purposes as well. This is to create a balance between social networking and academic activities of students to avoid setbacks in the academic performance of the students.

Dec 28

THE IMPLICATION OF POOR ORAL HYGIENE IN ADULTS

THE IMPLICATION OF POOR ORAL HYGIENE IN ADULTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 

1:1       Background of the Study

 

Dental health care and education have a direct relationship with the whole child‟s health and well being. Studies have shown that appropriate oral health education can help to cultivate oral health practice (Ab-murat& Watt 2006). The change to healthy attitude can beinfluenced by giving adequate information, motivation and practice of the measures to the children (Smyth, Caamano&Femandez-Reveiro 2007). Dental health education is an accepted procedure in schools based on the assumption that the knowledge needed for good dental health practice can result inbehavioural change (Betsey, 1980).Schools therefore, havetheresponsibility to help protect, maintain and improve the health of their students through the school health programmes. This is why the total school health programme is composed of school health services, health education/instruction, nutrition services and healthful school living.

The aspect of school health programme that introduces dental health education is the School health instruction – a planned, sequential curriculum that addresses the physical, mental, emotional and social dimensions of health of school children. It is designed to motivate and assist students to maintain and improve their health, prevent diseases and reduce health related risk behaviour. (Maryland School Health Services, 2006).It allows student to develop and demonstrate health related knowledge, attitude, skills and practices. The comprehensive health instructioncurriculum includes a variety of topics including dental health education where pupils are taught about oral hygiene principles and disease associated with poor dental health care. Therefore, dental health education depends largely upon the acquisition of accurate and useful knowledge concerning good dental health on the part of the students. This becomes successful when the knowledge is put into daily practice resulting in behavioural change.

 

In dental health as in other instructions, the compilation of facts by the learner is not enough and knowing what to do does not guarantee that it will be done (Ajala, 2005&Cooper, 2002). For example, to know that it is necessary to brush your teeth once or twice daily and actually doing it are two different things completely. In other words people may be aware of the dental ills that are associated with bad oral hygiene and yet fail to maintain it. For dental instruction to be truly successful, a change must result in attitude, habit or skill. This can be achieved by selecting learning experiences that allow the learner to perform the desired behavioural outcomes and a means to evaluate the retention of content covered and changes in behaviour of the learner.

Dental health care measures still include brushing the mouth once or twice daily.This ensures that bacteria and microbes present in the mouth are killed and removed from time to time. The use of chewing stick also helps in cleaning the teeth but not as effective because the oral cavity has a number of space that are very small and narrow where even the bristles of the brush cannot reach, hence flossing becomes an effective mechanism to ensure good dental hygiene and health as it helps to remove food particles and debris between the teeth. (Check dent, 2011). Regular visit to the dentist will also help to detect the onset of dental disease.

Dec 28

AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF SEX EDUCATION AMONG YOUTHS IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF SEX EDUCATION AMONG YOUTHS IN NIGERIAN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

 
 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

            Adolescence is the period in life of an individual between childhood and adulthood. The word adolescence is derived from a Latin word “adolescere” meaning “to grow” Adolescents are neither a child nor an adult between the age range of 10 – 19 years (WHO, 2009).  Such a person normally experiences various physical and psychological changes and challenges including those relating to sexuality.  The adolescent, therefore needs to be appropriately informed on issues relating to sex through relevant educational opportunities.  Such sex educational competencies can be provided through Home Economics education that should be able to equip adolescents with competencies (knowledge, skills and attitudes) in sex education to handle challenges relating to sexuality and be able to develop their potentials to the fullest. Adolescence encompasses different stages of physical, sex and mental development of an individual and is bewildered with varied stresses which result from distinct developmental changes in life (Burt, 2010).

Adolescents is a male or female that go through developmental transition from childhood to adulthood and it involves a number of biological, cognitive and socio emotional changes. Biological changes involve physical changes in the body, growth spurt, hormonal changes and sexual maturation that come with puberty. Cognitive changes involve individual thinking and intelligence that increases in abstract, idealistic and logical thinking. Socio emotional changes involve individual emotions, personality and relationship with others (Santrock, 2004). Adolescents equally have intellectual, social, physical, emotion, and moral characteristics. Briefly, these characteristics range from modeling behaviour, restlessness, mood swing to storm and stress. They are often characterized by their youthful exuberance and penchant for experimentation especially with sex (Moore, 1993).

1

Sex is an important terminology in biology and psychology and it is referred to as identity and activity. By identity, it is the anatomical structure of sexual organs associated with certain physiological operations that makes an individual to be identified as male or female. By activity, it involves caressing and sexual intercourse (Sandler, 1980).This is body chemistry and it is what they (adolescents) take as love. It is also involved the location of the adolescent where he/she is residing urban or rural area and those they interact with especially with sex.

Sex education is the education that is filled with worthwhile knowledge concerning sexual behaviours and values that enables adolescents to control their sexual need. It can also be defined as all forms of instructions that deals effectively with adolescent challenges and social relationships directly or indirectly associated with sex (Anyaegbunam, 2003). The author agreed with the report of United Nation (UN) General Assembly (2001) which stated that sex education is the education that develops the skill of young people in making informed choices about their behaviour and feels competent on acting on those choices. Sex education therefore is the knowledge, skill and attitude relating to sex and sexuality that enables adolescents deal with their sex challenges. It is also the educational measures that centers on sex which stand for protection, presentation, improvement and development of an individual (Burt, 2012).

Sex education for adolescents is the process of inculcating knowledge, attitude and skills required to cope with adolescent sex challenges. It involves knowledge, attitude and skill that help to promote and affect positive behaviour change in adolescent. The major aim of sex education is to promote proper development of personality and sexual well being. It also develops in adolescents the desired skill necessary to enhance interactive learning task so that communication, negotiation and listening skills can be developed and practiced (Mario, 2011). It is widely accepted that adolescents have a right to sex education because it is a means by which they are helped to protect themselves against exploitation, unintended pregnancy, STDs, HIV & AIDS. Adolescents faces challenges posed by body and emotional changes, relationships with the opposite sex and ignorance of the dangers inherent in their sexual act such as teenage pregnancy, abortion, Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Challenges are difficult task that test someone ability and skill and many adolescent sees challenges as a problem, some of the challenges includes adjusting to the altered appearances, functioning of the maturing body, learning to deal with sexual desires, confronting sexual attitudes and values, experimenting with sexual behaviours and integrating these feelings, attitudes and experiences into a developing sense of adulthood (Moore, 1993).

Skill is the ability coming from ones knowledge, practice, and aptitude to do something well. It is a potential acquired by individual through training which is meant to ensure proficiency and competency in the performance (Nnachi, 2008). Skill develops in an individual a positive social behaviour such as self discipline, good judgment and ability to get along with others and this skill can be gotten in large extent through sex education needs.

Need is a process for determining and addressing gaps between current conditions and desired condition or wants of an individual (Shafloot, 2011). It is also the discrepancy between the current conditions and wanted condition which must be measured to appropriately identify the problems of adolescents which could be a desire to improve current performance to correct a deficiency (Burke, 2005). Need is what one requires in order to meet a target standard                                                                                                                                                                                                        Chutta (1992). Olaitan, Nwachukwu, Igbo, Onyemauche and Ekong (1999) explained that need is a requirement deemed necessary for effectiveness. In the context of this study, Need is the sex education knowledge, attitudes and skills adolescent required for social and moral living. It is also necessary to include sex education to upper basic curriculum particularly to catch them young and also to appropriately guide them on their needs through teaching and learning (Nnachi, 2008).

It is therefore important to organize a formal instruction on sex to adolescents in junior secondary school that will guide and mentally prepare them for adulthood roles and equally prevent them from dangers of negative sexual behaviours (Barbara Hasting 2013). Organizing formal instruction involves identifying different areas of need while teaching the components of sex education as thus – sex roles, pre-marital sex and teenage pregnancy, social relationship, personal identity, emotional development, sex drive or sexual feelings in childhood adolescence sense, social aspects, conception, pregnancy and births, physical, emotional and psychological changes during puberty, gender roles, STD (Jateline, 2011) and proper ways of teaching sex education to adolescents which are discussion, lecture, role-play, counseling methods and other methods (MacAuthor, 2003)  in order to get them properly informed and it is necessary and beneficial for society as a whole to have an informed population about sex and sexuality, ignoring STIs, STDS, HIV/AIDS and teen pregnancy won’t make sex related challenges to go away, even if it’s taught from a biology perspective and not a morality perspective, it will still be beneficial. Adolescent are tricked into making bad decisions simply because of ignorance.

This work identified the sex related  challenges of adolescents as it relates to their; body changes, emotional challenges, challenges from their relationship with the opposite sex,  knowledge, attitudes and skills needed to cope with the  above named challenges and areas of sex education needs of adolescents in the junior secondary school of Anambra state. In schools of Anambra state, there are six educational zones which include Aguata, Awka, Nnewi, Ogidi, Onitsha, and Otuocha zones. But Onitsha harbours the highest market in West Africa called the Main Market, Awka is the state capital and Nnewi is also a big city which causes migrants from other zones, people from different part of the country and characters to fill the state. There are cases of sexual harassment, teenage pregnancy, domestic violence, sexual immorality like rape, homosexuals, hence the sex education needs of adolescents that aimed at reducing the risk of potential negative outcomes of adolescence sex practices.

 

Dec 27

Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Administration of Justice in Nigeria

Alternative Dispute Resolution in the Administration of Justice in Nigeria

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

ADR is simply the acronym for Alternative Dispute Resolution, which generally refers to processes of resolving dispute outside court-room litigation. Major ADR processes include Negotiation, Mediation, Conciliation, Arbitration, Early Neutral Evaluation and other Hybrids. While there is no doubt about the general categorization of ADR processes, much controversy still exists as to the proper place of these processes in criminal justice administration.1

The notion is very common especially amongst lawyers in Nigeria that litigation is the principal process for dispute resolution and that ADR is secondary or inferior to litigation. There is no doubt that until recently, the training of lawyers in most jurisdictions focused substantially on the skills for use of litigation for dispute resolution. It is therefore this limited training and skills that creates the wrong perception by lawyers about the nature and value for ADR in justice delivery. Proper review of the nature and dynamics of conflicts will reveal that ADR processes are useful before, during and sometimes even after litigation. Litigation results essentially from breakdown of negotiation and sometimes mediation by the parties. Even where a case is pending in court, the parties can resolve their differences amicably by out of court settlement at any time before judgment. It is pertinent to remember that parties to a suit can use ADR to terminate the court proceedings at any stage of the case before judgment. Furthermore, even after judgment, the parties can reach some form of settlement outside the terms of the judgment, although the negotiating powers of the parties may not be the same as before the judgment.

Logically, if by current practice ADR mechanism can be used to settle a civil case before, during and even after litigation, one wonders the real basis for the notion that ADR is secondary to litigation. Another fundamental misconception about ADR is the notion, especially by lawyers in Nigeria, that ADR is another set of judicial or quasi judicial processes. The tendency by legal minds to try to reason our ADR principles from the litigation and adversarial mindset is a major challenge to unlocking the potentials of ADR in justice sector. Most ADR processes in their true nature are not sets of rigid legalistic options for dispute resolution. ADR processes are essentially multi-disciplinary tools for creative problem-solving than a set of legal processes and principles. Although ADR processes and practices are recognized and conducted within the framework of the law, their full potentials cannot be maximized if stakeholders continue to apply them with the same litigation mindset and skills.

Accordingly, where non-lawyer neutrals resolve disputes by ADR, their proceedings, practices and outcomes should not be accessed according to strict standards of technical legal principles and procedures.2 ADR processes are characterized by flexibility, voluntariness and privacy. Their success essentially rely more on the trust and confidence of the parties in the processes and outcome than the adherence to rigid codes of procedure, by resorting to ADR processes the parties to a dispute look beyond the immediate issues on the table to their future relationship. They are more concerned about the future than passing judgment on past errors.3 the fact that much of what lawyers regard as ADR is largely the formal packaging of processes that the people use informally without placing any formal tag or name on them. Essentially, ADR is the same as what we do in our family(s) and communities in Nigeria where some family member or elder intervenes to help parties in their relationships.4

REFERENCES

1 KN Nwosu, ‘Role of Traditional Rulers and Community Leaders in Criminal Justice Administration’. In: KN Nwosu, (ed), Dispute Resolution in the Palace, (Gold Press Limited, Ibadan , Nigeria 2010).181

2 Adeyeri v. Atanda (1995) 5 SCNJ 157

3 Nwosu, (n4) 182

4 TO Elias, ‘Traditional Forms of Public Participation in Social Defence’ No. 22 (1969) International Review of Criminal

Dec 27

An appraisal into performance of CRS students in school certificate examination

An appraisal into performance of CRS students in school certificate examination

ABSTRACT

This study aimed at evaluating An appraisal into performance of CRS students in school certificate examination in Plateau State of Nigeria. The CRK curriculum is used all over Nigeria for teaching Christian religious knowledge. Survey design was adopted in the study. Eight research questions and six null hypotheses that focused on the objectives of the study were formulated to guide the study. The respondents for the study were a sample of 336 junior secondary III students from 35 junior secondary schools drawn from the three educational zones of Plateau State using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling Technique. The major instruments for data collection were a Christian Religious Knowledge Questionnaire (CRKQ) for teachers and students, a Junior Secondary Students’ Attitude Questionnaire (JSSAQ), and a Students’ Hypothetical Sociomoral Problem test (SHOMPT). The findings show that the content of the JS CRK curriculum and the methods used in teaching the subject were quite adequate for achieving the objectives of the programme. The teachers perceived all the identified methods of teaching, except the lecture method, all the assessment techniques as relevant, while they agreed that the dearth of instructional materials, lack of qualified CRK teachers etc militate against the achievement of the objectives of the CRK curriculum. The reaction of the students to the CRK attitude questionnaire and to the hypothetically posed socio moral test was generally positive. Furthermore, the findings show that while school location and the type of school the students attend can affect performance in CRK exams, the occupation of parents and the gender of students do not. Furthermore it was confirmed that the reaction of students to xv hypothetically posed socio- moral questions can be predicted from their achievement in CRK exams and that there is relationship between attitude and the reaction of students to hypothetically posed socio- moral test. Prominent among the recommendations of the study were: that more qualified and experienced teachers who are professionally trained in the art of teaching CRK be recruited; that Government provides adequate instructional material in the form of teaching aids to facilitate teaching and learning in the schools; and that teachers in the field take advantage of in-service, sandwich and workshop programmes to improve

Dec 27

A study for teaching and learning English grammar in some selected primary schools

A study for teaching and learning English grammar in some selected primary schools

CHAPTER ONE

 

INTRODUCTION

 

1.0. Background to the study

It is because of the various roles English language plays in our society that the teaching and learning of English has become very important. English language is very important in contemporary society in that it is use for communication, education, economic and social purposes. English is not only taught as a subject of its own but it is also the core subject through which many other school subjects are taught. Despite the important role English language plays, less attention is given to the grammatical aspects in the primary schools. Today, the nature of teaching and learning of grammar in primary schools has become an area of great interest to teachers, researchers and policy makers because through it, the acquisition of the four language skills ( listening, speaking, reading and writing) are greatly enhanced.

 

English grammar which entails tenses, parts of speech and punctuations is of great importance to the teaching, learning and mastering of the English language amongst primary school pupils. Since primary education is a better foundation on which the future depends, English grammar should not only be taught to the pupils but should be taken more seriously. According to Chomsky (1957), a child is born with the innate ability to learn. Here, he talks of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in which a device is a mechanism naturally built in the brain to take sounds. At a certain age, the brain starts rejecting sounds because of other sounds in the brain. Children learn easily than adults. The device is stronger in children because the brain is virgin and is able to magnify anything coming from the world. So if the pupils are well taught these grammatical aspects, they will better understand, master and use them in their day to day activities until they (English grammar) become a part of them.

 

According to Saussure (1916), language is the mirror of the mind. This means that the learner produces what he or she has learned. So, if there is no teaching, learning will not take place, hence, the learner will not only be blank but also be ignorant that such a thing exists. For teaching to be e ective, the teacher has to master his\her subject matter very well. Instead of most teachers to teach the English grammar which is the most important, they focus on the teaching of writing and reading comprehension. Some contributing factors to the above are unquali ed teachers, inadequate teaching materials (textbooks\ teaching aids) ambiguity of some English syllabi and the teacher’s inability to properly evaluate pupils’ work on grammar. Because of these, the pupils’ tend to use the English grammar poorly: a noun as a verb, a verb as a noun, an adjective as a noun and a noun as an adjective just to name but these few. For examples:

 

-Mary complaints to the teacher that she is sick.

 

Complaints here is a noun that the pupils used as a “verb”. The right sentence is; Mary complains to the teacher that she is sick.

-John did not past his rst term exams.

 

Pasthere is a verb which the pupils used as an adjective. The right sentence is; John did not pass his rst term exams.

-The teacher gave us a test to test our intelligent.

 

Intelligent here is an adjective used as a noun. The right sentence is; The teacher gave us a test to test our intelligence.

Moreover, pupils mostly use capital letters only at the beginning of sentences forgetting to know that proper nouns always begin with a capital letter no matter where they appear in a sentence; be it at the beginning, middle or end of a sentence. For example; instead of saying “I am from Bali” the pupils will say “I am from bali” writing Bali with a small letter just because it came at the end of the sentence.

 

Furthermore, pupils often precede a verb with “TO” when it is not in its in nitive form. For example; “What my mother did was to sent me to school.”

The above sentence is wrong in that sent is not in its in nitive form but the past tense. The right sentence is: “What my mother did was to send me to school”. They also nd it di cult to compare adjectives.

For example; they will say “I did best in the rst term than in the second term”. Instead of “I did better in the rst term than in the second term”.

These and more are the challenges face by primary school pupils. Therefore, the teaching and learning of English in primary schools should be to ensure that pupils have a mastering of the English grammar and the ability to use it e ectively for e ective communication in oral and written forms of the English language. It is the interest of the present study to examine the various grammatical norms, and strategies that these could be taught in primary schools to enhance the communication skills of pupils through the use of the English grammar.