Tag: Accounting Information

Feb 29

Corporate Governance and Value Relevance of Accounting Information in Quoted Nigerian Banks

Corporate Governance and Value Relevance of Accounting Information in Quoted Nigerian Banks

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Accounting provides a vital service to broad and diverse users. Investors use financial accounting information for investment decisions; government agencies need it particularly for tax purposes while regulatory agencies use it to determine whether existing statutory pronouncements are complied with, among others (Kajola and Adedeji, 1999). According to Meyer (2007:2), “accounting plays a significant role within the concept of generating and communicating wealth of companies”. Financial statements still remain the most important source of externally feasible information on companies. Nevertheless, in the wake of the recent accounting scandals and economic meltdown where billions of naira of investment and retirement wealth have disappeared, the very integrity and survivability of the value relevance of this service has been called to question.

Value relevance is defined as the ability of accounting numbers contained in the financial statements to explain the stock market measures (Beisland, 2009). Accounting data, such as earnings per share, is termed value relevant if it is significantly related to the dependent variable, which may be expressed by price, return or abnormal return (Gjerde, Knivsfla and Saettem, 2007).

Studies on value relevance of accounting information are motivated by the fact that listed companies use financial statements as one of the major media of communication with their equity shareholders and public at large (Vishnani and Shah, 2008). For instance, in Nigeria, Companies and Allied  Matters  Act (CAMA), (1990) and the subsequent amendments require the Directors of all companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange to prepare and publish annually the financial statements. Beyond this, the Nigerian Stock Exchange mandates all companies listed on first tier market to submit quarterly, semi-annual and annual statements of their accounts to the Stock Exchange. Companies on second tier market are to submit their statements of accounts annually to Stock Exchange (Osaze, 2007). Accounting information is any data or information obtains from the accounting system of a firm whether contained in a financial statement, a special report, or verbal statement (William, 1968). However, for the purpose of this research, accounting information refers to written information contained in a complete or partial financial report –balance sheet or profit and loss account or  fund flow statement. This study investigates whether these various items of  financial statements are value relevant in the Nigerian Stock Exchange or not.

The Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) commenced operation in 1961with only 19 securities worth N80million. As at May 2009, the number of listed securities had increased to 294, made up of 86 Government Stocks with Industrial Loans Stocks and 208 Equity/ Ordinary Shares(including emerging market) with a total market capitalization of N9.45 trillion (The Nigerian Stock Exchange, Factbook, 2009).

However, the Nigerian Stock Exchange still seems to have a long way to go when compared with developed stock markets (Ologunde, Elumilade and Asaolu, 2006). Nigerian Stock Exchange, as a medium of funds mobilization for economic growth may not function well without relevant and reliable accounting information.

 

The researcher is thus motivated to study the extent to which accounting information summarizes stock prices in the Nigerian stock market as an indicator of value relevance. The study of likelihood of the market prices of stock listed in the Nigerian Stock Exchange being a reflection of accounting information is very essential to investors as well as policy makers. Recent evidence shows that stock markets have positive impact on economic growth (Healy and Williston, 2005 and Charles, 2008). In a bid to corroborate or repudiate the afore-mentioned, the perception of institutional and individual investors about value relevance of various items of financial statements for equity valuation is also considered.

 

While there have been a number of studies on this topic in developed countries (Collins, Maydew and Weiss, 1997; Lev and Zarowin, 1999; Francis and Schipper, 1999; Beisland, Hamberg and Navak, 2010), one is not aware of any expansive study that has explored the subject of value relevance of accounting information in Nigeria. It has not been comprehensively researched primarily  because  of problems with data availability (Negah 2008). Literature on capital research in accounting in Nigeria is so scanty and insufficient that it is difficult to determine value relevance of accounting information in this country. In Nigeria, fairly related

 

 

literature are on accounting systems (Jagetia and Nwadike, 1983); corporate financial reporting (Wallace, 1988); Weak Form Efficiency of the Nigerian Stock Market: Further Evidence (Olowe, 1999); communications in accounting: problems and solutions (Adeyemi and Ogundele, 2003); relevance of financial statement to stakeholders’ investment decisions (Kantude, 2005); determinants of upward and downward trending of the stock market prices (Nwude, 2010). The above mentioned studies provide no significant validity of existing empirical evidence of value relevance of accounting information in the developing Nigerian Stock Market.

 

As a result, the study attempts to fill the gap in literature by investigating the ability of accounting information to capture or summarize information that affects equity value by examining the relationship between accounting numbers and share prices in the Nigerian Stock Exchange. This in turn is expected to accelerate development of the Nigerian stock market.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • CHAPTER ONE: Introduction

  • 1.1 Background to the study

  • 1.2 Statement of Research Problem

  • 1.3 Objectives of the study

  • 1.4 Research Questions

  • 1.5 Research Hypotheses

  • 1.6 Significance of study

  • 1.7 Scope of study

  • 1.8 Summary of Research Methodology

  • 1.9 Sources of Data

  • 1.10 Outline of the Chapters

  • CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review

  • 2.1 Introduction

  • 2.2 Conceptual Framework

  • 2.2.1 The Information Perspective

  • 2.2.2 The Measurement Perspective

  • 2.3 Theoretical Framework of the Research

  • 2.4 Review of Empirical Literaturr

  • 2.5 Equity Valuation and Negative Earnings

  • 2.6 Company Size and Value Relevance of Accounting Information

  • 2.7 Difference in Accounting Information across the Industries

  • 2.8 Nigerian Stock Market Development and Economic Growth

  • 2.9 Company and Allied Matters Act 1990, Investment and

  • Securities Act 1991 and Financial Statements

  • CHAPTER THREE: Research Methods

  • 3.1 Introduction

  • 3.2 Research Design

  • 3.2.2 Sample Size

  • 3.2.3 Sampling Technique

  • 3.2.4 Data Description

  • 3.2.5 Sources and Data Gathering Method

  • 3.2.6 Questionnaire

  • 3.2.7 Validity of Research Instrument

  • 3.2.8 Reliability of Research Instrument

  • 3.3 Analytical Framework

  • 3.3.1 Accounting Earnings and Equity Valuation

  • 3.3.2 Accounting Earnings versus Net Book and Equity Valuation

  • 3.3.3 Dividends versus Net Book and Equity Valuation

  • 3.4 Model Specification

  • 3.4.1 Models

  • 3.5 Method of Analysis

  • CHAPTER FOUR: Data Analysis and Result Presentation

  • 4.1 Introduction

  • 4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis of Aggregate Market Reaction to

  • Accounting Information

  • 4.3 Data Presentation and Analysis of Difference in value

  • Relevance of Accounting Information across the Industries

  • 4.4 Data Presentation and Analysis of the Value Relevance of Negative of Earning

  • 4.5 Presentation of Survey Data

  • CHAPTER FIVE: Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

  • 5.1 Introduction

  • 5.2 Summary of Work Done

  • 5.3 Summary of Findings

  • 5.3.1 Theoretical Findings

  • 5.3.2 Empirical Findings

  • 5.4 Conclusion

  • 5.5 Recommendations and Policy Relevance

  • 5.6 Contribution to Knowledge

  • 5.7 Suggestions for Further Studies

  • Bibliography

Aug 06

The Uses Of Accounting Information For Decision Making In Public Sector

The Uses Of Accounting Information For Decision Making In Public Sector

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background to the Study

Accounting information is the language of business as it is the basic tool for recording, reporting and evaluating economic events and transactions that affect business enterprises. It processes all documents of a business financial performance from payroll, cost, capital expenditure and other obligations to sale revenue and owners’ equity. It provides financial information about ones business to the internal and external users, such as managers, investors and others. It is sometimes referred to as a means to an end, with the ending being the decision that is helped by the availability of accounting information (Arneld & Hope, 2009). The making of decision, as everyone knows from personal experience is a burdensome task (Wada, 2006). In most cases indecision is as disastrous as making a wrong one, therefore a plan of action is indispensable. Management is constantly confronted with the problem of alternative decision making especially knowing that resources are alternatively scarce and limited. It is therefore pertinent that good accounting information be made available for proper and accurate decision making, maximization of profitability and optimal utilization of scarce resources. Accounting information is not only necessary for evaluation of the past and keeping the present on course; it is useful in planning the future of the enterprise. According to Mbanefo (1997), planning may conventionally be call budget/budgeting targets, which give meaning and direction to operations of the organization within a defined period. At the end of the budget period the external results are compared with budgeted performance and discrepancies (variance) are analyzed for purposes of exposing the causes so as to prevent re-occurrence. Budgeting uncovers potential bottlenecks before they occur, coordinates the activities of the entire organization by integrating the plans and objectives of various parts. The budget ensures that the plans and objectives of the parts are in consistency with the broad goals of the organization. It compels managers to think ahead before formalizing their planning efforts and finally provides defined goals and objectives which serve as benchmarks for evaluation of subsequent performance.

Management uses both financial and non-financial information to make effective decisions that would help achieve the goals and objectives of the organization (Melisssa Bushman, 2007). Financial information used by management accountants include sale growth, profits, return on capital employed and market shares, non-market shares, non-financial information include customer satisfaction level, production quality, performance of competing products and customer loyalty. Decision making is however, the choosing of alternative courses of action using cognitive processes. Making decision is necessary when there is no one clear course of action to follow. Accounting systems can aid decision making by providing information relevant to the decision and to the decision makers. Accounting systems provides a check for the validity through the process of auditing and accountability (Gray et al., 2006). Effective and efficient accounting information plays a central role in management decision making.

 

  • Statement of Research Problem

Generally, the use of accounting information is indispensable for decision making in any business organization. The problem however lies in the quality and validity of the information, that is, if it’s timely, adequate and clear. According to the report of the Joint Auditor’s First Bank Annual Report and Account (2000/2001 page 30) falsified accounting information was the reason for many failed banks in Nigeria. The major purpose of the use of accounting information is to maximize risk, failure and uncertainties and also stay ahead of competitors. Notwithstanding the immense benefit of use of accounting information, it is generally acknowledged that most unqualified accountants generate inaccurate information and so result in failure of organizations to achieve desired goal. There are cases of managers refusing the use of accounting information because of their inability to interpret such data, thereby making the organization to remain at ‘status quo ante’. These problems largely contribute to the failure of the use of accounting information in business with the result that inaccurate decisions are made to the detriment of the organization. It is against these backdrops that this study is being conducted.

  • Research Questions

The study is poised towards providing answers to the following research questions

  • Does accounting information have any effect on management decisions?
  • Is there any relationship between the perception of the employees and accounting information of the firm?
  • Does accounting information affect the performance of the company positively or negatively?

 

  • Objective of the studies

The main objective of this research study is to examine the Use of Accounting Information as a management tool for decision making in the context of Dangote Group Plc. However, the specific objectives of the study are to:

  • Assess if accounting information have any effect on management decision.
  • Examine if there is any relationship between the perception of the employees and accounting information of the firm.
  • Evaluate whether accounting information affect the company performance positively or negatively.

 

  • Research Hypotheses

The following Null hypotheses are advanced and shall be tested in the course of the study

Hypothesis one                                                                                 

Ho: Accounting information does not have any effect on management decision making

Hypothesis Two

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the perception of employees and accounting information

Hypothesis Three

Ho: Accounting information does not have any effect on the company’s performance.

 

1.6 Significance of the Study

This research work will be useful to the people in the academic field, readers, and knowledge seekers and will also be of great relevance to the oil and gas industry in the area of managerial decisions and performance appraisal.

This research work will also contribute to the knowledge of Accountants and other financial managers as it will assist them on effective planning and control in areas of accounting information in making effective management decisions and how to devise strategic moves in meeting with the stated goals and objectives of the organization and the environment at large.

 

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study area of this research work is concerned with the use of accounting information as a management tool for decision making within the context of Dangote Group Nigeria Plc as case study.

Brief Historical Background of Dangote Group Nigeria Plc.                

The company was established in May 1981 as a trading business with an initial focus on cement, the Group diversified over time into conglomerate trading cement, sugar, flour, salt and fish. By early 1990s, the Group had grown into one of the largest trading conglomerate operating in the country. In 1999, following the transition to civilian rule and after an inspirational visit to Brazil to study the emerging manufacturing sector, the Group made a strategic decision to transit from a trading based business into a fully-fledged manufacturing operation. In a country where imports constitute the vast majority of consumed goods, a clear gap existed for a manufacturing operation that could meet the ‘basic needs’ of a vast and fast growing population.

The Group embarked on an ambitious construction programme, initially focused on the construction of flour mills, a sugar refinery and a pasta factory. In year 2000 the Group acquired the Benue cement company Plc from the Nigerian government and in year 2003 commissioned the obajana cement plant; the largest cement plant in sub-Sahara Africa. The Group is now one of the largest manufacturing conglomerates in sub-Sahara Africa and is pursuing further backward integration alongside an expansion programme in existing and new sectors.

1.8 Plan of the Study

This   research work is divided into five Chapters one elucidate the background to the study, research objectives, hypothesis testing, research question etc.

Chapter Two concentrate on review of relevant literature, conceptual review, empirical studies review and theoretical framework.

Chapter three Concentrate  on introduction of research methodology, research  methods, sources  of  data collection  (questionnaire),  data analysis,  population of  study  etc.

Chapter Four looks at data presentation, analysis and interpretation while

Chapter 5, contains introduction, summary, findings, recommendation based findings and conclusion.

1.9 Operational Definition of Terms

  • Accounting: Accounting can be defined as an art of recording, summarizing, reporting, and analyzing financial transactions (Stan Snyder, 1997).
  • Information: This can be defined as a stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver (Adeolu, 2001)
  • Management: This is the art of working particularly through people, for the achievement of the broad goals of an organization (Ejiofor, 1987).