The English language has undergone significant changes throughout history, and the advent of technology has had a particularly profound impact on its evolution. The digital revolution has not only transformed the way we communicate, but also the way we use language, with new words, phrases, and abbreviations emerging to reflect the new reality of our tech-driven world. In this essay, we will explore some of the ways in which technology has transformed the English language.

First and foremost, technology has introduced a whole new lexicon to the English language. Words like “email,” “text message,” and “blog” were unknown just a few decades ago, but are now part of our everyday vocabulary. Moreover, the rise of social media has given birth to an entirely new language of hashtags, emoticons, and acronyms, such as “LOL,” “ROFL,” and “OMG.” These new words and phrases have become ubiquitous, and they reflect the way we communicate in the digital age, where brevity and speed are essential.

Another way in which technology has transformed the English language is through the use of abbreviations and acronyms. The rise of instant messaging and texting has led to the popularization of shorthand forms of language that are easier to type and quicker to read. Abbreviations like “lol,” “brb,” and “ttyl” have become commonplace in digital communication, and they have even spilled over into spoken language, particularly among younger generations.

In addition, technology has transformed the way we write and read in English. With the advent of word processing software, spell checkers, and online dictionaries, the process of writing and editing has become much easier and more efficient. However, it has also made us more reliant on technology to correct our spelling and grammar, which may have a negative impact on our writing skills over time. Furthermore, the rise of e-books and digital reading platforms has changed the way we consume written content, with many people now reading more on screens than on paper.

Finally, technology has also had an impact on the way we pronounce English words. With the widespread availability of audio and video content online, people are exposed to a wider range of accents and dialects than ever before. This has led to a greater acceptance of non-standard English accents and has even influenced the way some people pronounce words. For example, the prevalence of American TV shows and movies has led to the adoption of American English pronunciation in some parts of the world.

The English language has undergone significant changes and adaptatins over the last twenty years due to improvements in technology. Here are some examples:

1. The rise of social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has led to the development of new words and phrases, such as “tweet,” “like,” “hashtag,” and “DM” (direct message). These terms have become commonplace in everyday language and have even been added to the Oxford English Dictionary.
2. The prevalence of smartphones and text messaging has led to the use of abbreviations, acronyms, and shorthand in written communication. For example, “LOL” (laugh out loud), “BRB” (be right back), and “OMG” (oh my god) have become widely used in casual conversations.
3. The rise of voice recognition software and digital assistants such as Siri and Alexa has led to changes in the way we speak and the way we use language. For example, we may now use more natural language when interacting with these devices, rather than using a specific set of commands.
4. The use of the internet and search engines has made it easier for people to access information and learn about new words and phrases. This has led to an increase in the use of specialist vocabulary and jargon in certain industries and fields.
5. The growth of online learning platforms has led to the development of new terminology related to education and training, such as “e-learning,” “blended learning,” and “MOOCs” (massive open online courses).

Overall, technology has had a significant impact on the evolution of the English language over the last twenty years, and it is likely to continue shaping the language in the future as new technologies emerge.

In conclusion, technology has had a significant impact on the English language, transforming the way we communicate, write, and read. It has introduced new words and phrases, shorthand forms of language, and a more diverse range of accents and dialects. While these changes have made communication faster and more efficient, they have also raised concerns about the potential impact on our language skills and the way we use language. Nevertheless, the English language will continue to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing technological landscape, reflecting the way we communicate in the digital age.

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Economics is concerned with human behaviour, such as how people achieve their wants and the study of firms or companies and the government which is responsible for the provision of goods and services for its people in order to satisfy their wants. One can have a good idea about the concept of economics by studying some of the important ancient definitions of economics. Though, they are old but one can not dispute the fact that they are defined by the fathers of

 

economics. Some of these important definitions of economics as noted by Ande, (2014) are those of leading economists like Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, Lionel Robbins and Samuelson.

Adam as cited in Ande (2014) defined economics as the science of wealth. The term wealth according to Adam means those goods which satisfy human wants and not just money. In another words, Alfred as quoted in Ayodele (2009) defined economics asa study ofmankind in the ordinary business of life. An altered form of this definition is: Economics is a study of man‟s actions in the ordinarybusiness of life. Alfred agreed that economics studies about wealth. But he does not accept the view that economics studies about wealth alone. In the words of Alfred, Economics is on the one side a study of wealth, and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man. Man is the center of his study. According to him, the study of man is more important than the study of wealth.

In addition, Lionel in Ande (2014) defined economics as the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses”. The definition of Lionel which is regarded as the most acceptable is based on the following basic assumptions:

1. Ends are various. The term “ends” mean wants. Human wants are

 

2. Means are limited. Means like time, money and resources are

 

3. We can put time and money to alternative uses. For example, though time is limited, we can use it for different purposes. We can use time for earning money or we may enjoy it as leisure, and
4. All wants are not of equal importance.

 

According to Samuelson as noted by Ande, (2014)economics is a social science concerned chiefly with the way society chooses to employ its resources, which have alternative

 

uses, to produce goods and services for present and future consumption”. This definition is general in nature. There are many commonpoints in the definitions of Robbins and Samuelson.Samuelson‟s definition tells us that economics is a social scienceand it is mainly concerned with the way how society employs its limitedresources for alternative uses. All this we find in the definition of Robbins.But Samuelson goes a step further and discusses how a society uses limited resources for producing goods and services for present and future consumption of various people or groups.

Recently, there are many definitions of economics just as there are different economists. Based on Lionel‟s definition of economics, Mackins and Oruta (2010) defined economics as a study of how man allocates their limited resources to provide for the wants and needs. Onwukwe and Agwu (2012) defined economics as a science concerned with those institutions which are in the use of scarce resources to produce to and distribute goods and services for the satisfaction of human want. In addition, Tolu, (2014) defined economics as a social science which deals with human wants and their satisfaction. It is mainly concerned with the way in which a society chooses to employ its scarce resources which have alternative uses, for the production of goods for present and future consumption. From the above definition given by Tolu, one could note that he equally shares the similar view just like any one of those regarded as fathers of economics. Hence, economics is a social science that study human wants or ends which are usually many, relative to available resources or means of satisfying them.

 

Concept of Financial Accounting

 

Accounting is a concept that affects everybody in his or her personal live just as much as it affects every business unit. We all employ accounting ideas when we plan what we are going to do with our money. Accounting has come to be known as the language and eyes of business

 

because owners, investors, employees, creditors, and others use the results of the accounting process in their planning, control, and decision making activities related to the achievement of an organization‟s objective. It is used in the business world to describe the transaction entered into by all kinds of organization and people associated with business such as managers, owner of investment, investors, bankers, lawyers, marketers, estate agents, stock brokers, accountant etc.

Financial Accounting is one of the key subjects in new Senior Secondary Education Curriculum structure of Business studies.However, accounting has been defined in different ways by different authors, some of these include: Lewis and Pendrill (2000), who defined accounting as the process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by the users of information. This definition is a useful one in that it focuses not on the accounting process itself but on the reasons why information is required. To Libby, Libby and Short (2001) accounting is a system that collects and processes (analyzes, measures and records) financial information about an organization and report that information to decision makers. Igboke (2003) sees accounting as that which equips individual with knowledge of recording, analyzing, classifying and interpreting financial information as well as the pedagogy required in teaching the skills. According to Akintelure and Oguobi (2003), accounting is an important element of this evolving market and can support or undermine the efficiency of a market. The lack of common accounting requirements around the world serves as a significant impediment to economic globalization by restricting an investor‟s ability to make informed decision about investment alternatives. Udoh (2004) defined accounting as a discipline concerned with the recording, analyzing and forecasting of incomes and wealth of business and other entities. Generally, it records in money terms the flow of economic values between or within economic entities.

 

Elumilade (2006) described accounting as the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of a financial character and interpreting the result thereof. According to Longe and Kazeem (2006), accounting is an important element of this evolving market and can support or undermine the efficiency of a market. The lack of common accounting requirements around the world serves as a significant impediment to economic globalization by restricting an investor‟s ability to make informed decision about investment alternatives. Also to Obazee (2007), accounting is an important element of this evolving market and can support or undermine the efficiency of a market. The lack of common accounting requirements around the world  serves as a significant impediment to economic globalization by restricting an investor‟s ability to make informed decision about investment alternatives. In support of this, Ezeani, (2012) described Accounting as a discipline that involves the process of measuring, interpreting, and communicating financial information decisions. Ezeani further described accounting as a field of study read as a course in the school of Business Education and in Faculty of Management Science in institutions of higher learning.

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There is hope, whether it is founded on reality or not, that Nigeria will have elections that are credible in the year 2023. This feeling of hope can be attributed to a number of different things, one of which is the recently approved bill to update the electoral act. This measure has clauses that will ensure that votes are counted, and it also provides for the electronic transmission of results.

Despite the fact that this amendment had not yet been passed at the time of the election for governor of Anambra state in November 2021, the use of technology in the electoral process insured that the election would be free and fair. This level of optimism is not something that we have only seen once before, and it is widely held that Nigerians are among the most optimistic people on the face of the planet. On the other hand, it would appear that this time the optimism is grounded on solid foundations. The election law changes appear to be genuine, actionable, and believable. The climate in the country is such that there are great expectations that our democracy is deepening to the extent that we are coming closer to having a general election that is free and fair. This is due to the fact that the mood in the country has reached such a point.

However, this optimism is clouded by the fact that Nigerian politicians have always found a way to sidestep the electoral system by employing various forms of manipulation. This reality casts a shadow over the current state of affairs. An optimist is someone who believes that electoral fraud is covert, unintentional, opportunistic, and circumstantial. In addition, he presumes that the majority of vote rigging occurs at the operational and procedural levels, even though there may be some semi-level planning and execution of electoral fraud. Recent occurrences, however, indicate that this perspective may be too hopeful and cynical at the same time. In point of fact, election fraud is systemic, heavily articulated, and coordinated on a much grander scale than any of us could possibly imagine. As a specific example, we will conduct an in-depth analysis of one of the structural factors that has the potential to compromise the “freeness and fairness” of the general election in 2023.

 

The act of registering voters could appear to be the most routine task involved in the election process. The task of registering all eligible voters on the voters’ register, which serves as the foundation for certifying voters while the election is being conducted, is a straightforward one that may be accomplished easily. To ensure a fair and open election, it is imperative that this duty be completed successfully. In spite of this, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) only recently disclosed that 44.6% of voters registered in the ongoing continuous voters’ registration process are either “ghost” voters or ineligible voters. INEC further hypothesises that it may be as high as sixty percent in some states. This also accurately reflects the true state of the existing voter registration that was used in the prior elections. There is no denying the fact that the current voters’ register is riddled with cases of double or multiple registrations, underaged persons, a high number of dead persons, inaccurate assignment of polling booths, and deletion of names of eligible voters. Among the other problems with the register are a high number of dead persons. These hypothetical situations are so absurd that it’s hard to believe they ever exist.

 

The problem of inaccurate voter registration is not one that is exclusive to Nigeria. In the majority of developing countries, democratic elections and the results of those elections have been impacted by electoral register anomalies and manipulations. A legal resolution of an electoral dispute, which frequently has an impact on the legitimacy of the results of elections, was required in Ghana because of a case involving an irregular voters’ register that made its way up to the highest court. During the most recent elections in India, the voters’ register was lacking the names of an estimated 120 million people who were entitled to vote. In addition, the fact that the majority of the casualties were females and members of ethnic minority groups lends credence to the theory that the attack was premeditated and targeted. The problem in the Gambia is that the voters’ record contains the names of a significant percentage of deceased people. Recently in Guinea, there has been an increase in the number of persons on the voters’ register who come from certain districts in order to favour the ruling party. This trend was observed in both presidential and parliamentary elections. The examples are endless.

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