Month: January 2020

Jan 31

Accessing the relationship between lifestyle and health problems suffered by the people

Accessing the relationship between lifestyle and health problems suffered by the people

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

An individual‟s health depends alot on their lifestyle. Maintaining physical and mental health is crucial to an individual‟s longevity. The more time spent on hygiene, physical fitness, and diet regulation, the healthier lifestyle they have. Those who choose to participate in any kind of physical activity on weekly basis are generally healthier than those who don‟t. Mental illness may occur through various ways for example, depression may promote mental illness through stress and anxiety, poor habit eating not promoting good physical health. Poor habits may eventually lead to a poor or even dangerous life style. More interestingly, a healthy or unhealthy lifestyle will most likely be transmitted across generations.

United States (Administration on aging and retirement, 2005), changes in body composition, reduction in physical activity, and physiological factors affect the dietary requirements of retired Bozetti (2003). As people age, body fat increase and lean body mass decreases, which reduces protein reserves in the body. The predisposition of older individuals to

chronic pain or unless also may limit physical activity reduced physical activity and decrease in lean body, mass lower energy needs older adult. Consume fever calorie than young adults to obtain adequate protein and micro nutrients reduced energy needs, Bozettic (2003) retired especially those in low income groups, are at a high risk for nutritional deficiencies due to poor diet and low nutrients intake.

  • Statement of the Problem

The problem of the retired civil servants in the society is supposed to be a tropical issue, especially in Katsina state, Nigeria. This is so because in the problems of poverty, illiteracy, ignorance and corruption, afflicts almost all segments of the society, but most biting to the retired population (Kasim, 2007).

In any given society the retirees is referred to, or perceived as „senior citizen‟ previewed experience in life on which the younger population are supposed to draw for aspiration, motivation and orientation. Yet this is very important segment of the population could be said to be among the weak and vulnerable population in our society almost in the same category with children, orphans and the disabled. This is because of the various problems that the retirees face and in the society particularly with regards to lifestyle.

Socioeconomic status affects overall human functioning, including their physical and mental health e.g. when retired. Income and access to resources mitigate a social problem that ultimately affects retirees, retired people in Nigeria this category remain among te most economically vulnerable groups, the majority of retired do not work or have fewer options for continued income in Katsina state. They are at risk for rising costs of living, which may place them at an economic disadvantage (social security administration, 2006).

Recent studies indicated that the quality of care afforded to retired adults with medicate condition is substandard in Katsina state (Adamu, 2004). Furthermore, older people who work are less likely to maintain employment as their health declines.

Psychological health and wellbeing of the retired in Katsina state, the researcher observed that poverty is the risk factor for declines in mental health among the retirees. Those at

 

the lower levels of socioeconomic status are often most afflicted with psychological disorder.

Poverty affects the health of the retired in significant ways. Some of the retired in Katsina were simply unable to afford. The basics of minimal health care and prescription drugs

e.g. the urban retirees. It is not unusual to find this group skipping on their prescriptions, skipping days or cutting the dosage. They may even share prescription drugs with others or take medication that is out of date and therefore ineffective or potentially dangerous. All this amount to drug abuse which is dangerous to their failing health.

Social activities of the retirees are somehow affected when they are unable to afford simple care, e.g. eyeglasses or hearing aids. They are unable to afford simple care, e.g. eyeglasses or hearing aids. They begin to isolate themselves and feel cutoff from the life around them. Many cannot afford simple nutritious food/ three square meal in aday. They prepare to buy the cheapest. Many retirees died of heat exhaustion had no access to air conditioning and were too afraid to open their windows fearing intruders. They died in their sealed apartments; they heat their rooms often using dangerous methods such as firewood and charcoal.

Some retired in Katsina cannot afford even the simple pleasures of social interaction or entertainment. Combine this with physical limitation, health problems like hypertension, diabetes, body pains, arthritis etc. and unsafe community or neighborhoods.

Kamala (2007) indicates that the retired people in the society suffered from ill health and are not properly taking care of by their children or the society. Also within Katsina state the retired are mostly seen by the researcher begging for assistance on the streets, places where they

 

work before. This prompted the researcher to look into the type of care and welfare given to the retired in Katsina state.

Thus majority of the retiree‟s population do not get their benefits on time. Most of them rely on the active members of the family for support, particularly their children if they have any. Where income earning children of this group could not meet their demands they depend on good will of relatives and good samaritans in the community/society. This is why a lot of them are compelled to live a life of begging in one form or the other. In this situation the mode of their life style changes and involves them in socially disapproved behaviours. Similarly, retired health status can also be determined by the lifestyle where there is change in health status there is possibility of being unhealthy, disability due to disease like hypertension and depression. Most  of the retired were facing problem with their general health due to lack of good nutritional food intake, especially those who reside in rural areas. The retired people experience financial hardships following retirement, therefore finding it difficult to care for themselves, eat good food and healthy life, from there the situation worsened (Salim, 2002). It is as a result of the above disturbing issues that the researcher was worried to investigate the relationship between life style and health status of retired civil servants in Katsina State, Nigeria

  •       Objectives of the Study

 

The major objective of the study is to examine the relationship between lifestyle and health status of retired civil servants in Katsina State.

The Specific Objectives of the Study are to;

 

  • determine the relationship between the health status and food consumption patterns of retired civil servants in Katsina
  • determine the relationship between the lifestyle and income of retired civil servants in Katsina
  • identify the social network that exists for enhancing lifestyle and health status of the retired civil servant in Katsina
  • determine the care given by the relations of the retired civil servants and his/her lifestyle in Katsina

Research Questions

 

  • What is the relationship between health status and food consumption patterns of retired civil servants in Katsina State?
  • What is the relationship between lifestyle and income of retired civil servants in Katsina State?
  • What is the relationship between social network that exists for enhancing lifestyle and health status of the retired civil servant in Katsina
  1. What is the relationship between the care given by the relations of the retired civil servants and his/her lifestyle in Katsina State?

  •   Hypotheses

 

  • There is no significant relationship between the health status and food consumption patterns of retired civil servants in Katsina
  • There is no significant relationship between lifestyle and income of retired civil servants in Katsina
  • There is no significant relationship between social network that exists for enhancing lifestyle and health status of the retired civil servant in Katsina
  • There is no significant relationship between the care given by the relations of the retired civil servants and his/her lifestyle in Katsina

  • 1.3 Significance of the study

 

This study is going to be of benefit to policy makers, civil society, general public, scholar, academicians and Home economist.

The study will enlighten policy makers, based on facts and what need to be done with regards to retired civil servants lifestyle and health status in Katsina State and this could be achieved publications and seminars. For civil society the study will help and provide information on how to save judiciously and prepare for their retirement and this could be achieved through awareness campaign during and after their services.

To the general public, the study would provide general information on how retired civil servants strive to make ends meet and such information that would facilitate information sharing and discharge, and the general public would have access to this findings through radio and other media publicities. For Scholars, academicians and Home economist, this study would serve as an avenue or source of information which would aid further studies and it would be available for the academicians and scholars in school libraries.

  • Basic Assumption

 

There are several assumptions underlying this study, it was assumed that unobservable concepts such as individual expectations of lifestyle, and health status of retired civil servants would be qualified and measured by the instrument. It is assumed that the retired civil servants have expectations for good lifestyle and good health status. The researcher assumed that the individual retired civil servants would provide truthful and accurate answer to the questions measuring the concepts of interest in this study.

  • Delimitation

 

The research work was delimited to lifestyle (nutrition) and health status (depression, diabetes, hypertension and cancer) of the retired civil servants population in Katsina State. The study was also delimited to food consumption patterns of retirees in Katsina state. The study was also delimited to the three senatorial zones of Katsina States. The study was be delimited to both male and female retired civil servants.

Jan 31

Design And Construction Of Dc Motor Speed Control Using Arduino Board

Design And Construction Of Dc Motor Speed Control Using Arduino Board

Abstract
This Paper Documents The Design And Construction Of Dc Motor Speed Control Using Arduino Board. The requirements are defined and then the design process explained. The final product is exhibited followed by a discussion of the success of the project, with suggestions for how to further improve the device. The project was successful, however a noise related bug was found with the over-current protection feature; the report includes recommendations to overcome this.

Jan 31

21th century Women and Leadership Roles in the Newsroom

Introduction

The myth that our human world is a “men’s world” is founded upon the practical reality of the complete over-riding and dominant influence of the male over the female gender in all facets of our public life. Modern education together with the advancement in science and technology, which processes have accelerated in tandem especially in the last century, have tremendously increased the skill acquisitions and enhanced the productive efficiencies and capabilities of women as much as men. Armed with these two, women have expanded their roles from procreation and social care-giving within the family to major and significant contributions to development in all fields of human concern and endeavors. Yet in spite of their significant contributions in modern society, women have continued to be regarded and treated as a second fiddle and un-equal partners in the modern human development process.

The structure of inequality pitched against the female gender has become an issue of grave concern in human development discourses. One of the big challenges facing the world today is therefore how to eliminate the gender disparity and gap between men and women and allow equal opportunities to all human persons without recourse to gender bias. At the global level, the United Nations has taken the major step by highlighting the achievement of gender equality in our world as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

At the level of individual nations, the global awareness campaign for the cause of women is yielding just very little results. This is especially the case with countries in Africa. The little change seems to be mainly in the area of politics, where the strong fight by the women has produced the first female President in Liberia today in the Person of Her Excellency, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. In other public walks of life such as in the professions and specialized fields of work, women in Africa particularly have still remained marginalized and excluded especially from the commanding heights or echelon of leadership and control of the decision making and policy formulation processes.

Nigeria, like most African countries, is still faced with the big challenge of achieving a better status for the women gender in the public life of the nation. The Nigerian society generally seems to be very slow in accepting the change evolving in the roles of women in the modern world. The perception, attitude and recognition is still very low, with the result that women have continued to be marginalized and denied leadership positions in all walks of life. Leadership in noble professions like Medicine, Architecture, and Journalism among others is still the exclusive reserve of the men folk which is denied to women even when they qualify and excel in the professional practice. This is more or less a cultural thing.

The Journalism profession is particularly one of the crucial areas in which the marginalization and exclusion of women has played out most saliently in the modern Nigerian society. The representation of women in the media in Nigeria has long been an issue of major concern and one of the main areas of focus for research in mass media studies. These inquiries have focused on the way women are seen, faired and perceived by those who set media agenda in Nigeria. The issue is borne out of the subordination of women by those who control the mass media. As the problem still persists, the discourse can never cease to be carried on, hence the needs for more studies until the final solutions are found. This proposed research is yet another effort in that direction.

 

Jan 30

NATIONAL POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME AND GRASS ROOTS DEVELOPMENT IMO STATE

  • TABLE OF CONTENTS

  • Abstract

  • CHAPTER/INTRODUCTION

  • 1.1 Background to the study

  • 1.2 Statement of problem

  • 1.3 Research questions

  • 1.4 Objective of the study

  • 1.5 Hypothesis of the study

  • 1.6 Significance of the study

  • 1.7 Scope of the study

  • 1.8 Limitation of the study

  • 1.9 Organization of the study

  • CHAPTER TWO/ LITERATURE REVIEW

  • 2.1 Conceptual framework

  • 2.1.1 Concept of poverty

  • 2.1.2 Measurement of poverty

  • 2.1.3 Causes of poverty 

  • 2.1.4 Effects of poverty

  • 2.1.5 Concept of poverty alleviation/reduction: 

  • 2.1.6 Approaches to poverty alleviation 

  • 2.1.7 Concept of NAPEP/NAPEP’s review

  • 2.1.8 Functions of NAPEP

  • 2.2 Theoretical framework

  • 2.2.1The individualistic theory of poverty

  • 2.2.2 Cultural belief system theory of poverty

  • 2.2.3 Geographical disparities theory of poverty

  • 2.2.3 Geographical disparities theory of poverty

  • 2.3 Empirical literature

  • CHAPTER THREE/RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

  • 3.1 Research design

  • 3.2 Study area

  • 3.3 Sampling technique

  • 3.4 Variables measured

  • 3.5 Sources of data

  • 3.6 Method of data collection

  • 3.7 Method of data analysis

  • CHAPTER FOUR/DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

  • 4.1 Introduction

  • 4.2 Presentation of respondents

  • 4.3 Test of hypothesis

  • 4.4 Research findings

  • CHAPTER FIVE/Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion

  • 5.1 Summary

  • 5.2 Recommendations

  • 5.3 Conclusion

  • REFERENCES

Jan 29

INVESTIGATION OF THE WIDESPREAD AND MANAGEMENT OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

  • Background to the Study

 

 

The main objective of education being it formal or informal is to equip the student with the requisite knowledge and skills to enable him or her contribute effectively to the national development effort. This training in school demands periodic assessment and evaluation in the form of test, project, practicals or examinations in order to ascertain the level of achievement of knowledge and competence of the students. Since, education assessment covered all aspect of the curriculum then it is going to be tedious exercise and consumes substantial time of classroom teacher and the school. Educational assessment can be define as the process of documenting usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. The assessment conducted can focus on the individual learner, the learning community (class, workshop, or other organized group of learners) the institution or the educational system as a whole. At the end of assessment exercise, marks are awarded to students who have participated. These marks tell a student that knowledge and skills have been mastered, and at the same time also show areas of weakness so that it can be the focus of the future learning activities. Furthermore, this method of assessment is used to monitor the quality of school system, evaluate education policies and programs as well as make important instructional decisions about students.

 

It is important to note therefore, that conducting school examinations for maintaining educational standards faces a lot of challenges at all levels but more importantly at NCE level in Nigeria. The reason behind this is that these level results serve as a stepping stone for employment into teaching and a qualification for further studies at higher level. Among the challenges include test/examination administration, releases of results and certificates as well as examination malpractice. Thus, before administration of examination, the questions have to be developed to an

 

expected standard. This process involves more than the commissioning, development and production of examination question papers. However, it begins from the development of the examination syllabuses which are derived from the teaching NCCE syllabuses (or minimum standard) developed by the Nigerian Commission for colleges of education (NCCE). Furthermore, examination questions development involves the provision of test specifications table or blue print to guide the lecturers/teachers as well as those who will eventually compile the examination papers. In order to ensure the validity, reliability as well as the right standard of the test, copies of questions and marking schemes are sent to external moderators. The moderator who is senior lecturer from the university or sister college of education, analyze and make corrections before the final production and administration of the examination. In some colleges newly employed staff receives orientation in the following areas that have to do with examination

 

  1. Setting of essay and multiple choice questions

 

  1. Development of marking schemes and scoring keys

 

  1. Standard fixing or Award of marks

 

  1. Investigating and recommending cases of examination irregularities, with a view to ensuring as much as practicable that no candidates benefit from an undue or unlawful advantage over the

Upon all these efforts by the colleges and external examining assessor to ensure reliability and validity of the questions, some students still struggle illegitimately for higher grades through academic dishonesty popularly known as examination malpractices.

 

Therefore, it is against this background, that students, in colleges of education and at times supported by parents/guardians considered as a top priority to produce higher scores or grades by all means either legitimate through adequate preparation for the examination, financing and monitoring of the system or illegitimately through cheating or examination malpractices. The attitude of students during examination and that of over dependence on certificate for employment

 

by government and private organization in recent time led to crazy rush by students and some parents to struggle for certificate even through cheating.

 

Therefore, examination malpractice in Nigeria today no doubt has attained a frightening proportion not only to teachers and school administrators, but to various interest groups, concerned citizens, some parents, employers of labor and even international organizations. The practice employed by students is highly sophisticated and institutionalized. The menace of examination malpractices in Nigeria these day is threatening to uproot the very foundation of the country educational system, which has being built as the avenue or vehicle for inculcation of moral and ethical values to our youths (Harbour, 2000, Dibu, 2000, Ahmad and Bala, 2000, Yaroson 2004, Money and Onojete, 2007, and Aisha, 2008). It is truism that the hope of any society being it traditional or modern, micro or macro largely depends on its honest and dedicated youths who are free from all evils that disrupt  the entire fabric of the system.

 

In view of the ever increasing incidence of examination malpractices and the problems associated with the conduct of examination in Colleges of Education in Nigeria, this study was undertaken to look into the various type, causes effects and management of the menace. Thus, the management of examination malpractices in Nigeria Colleges of Education largely depends on the school leadership and the style employed, the role of examination malpractices committee (EMIC) and action taken by the Academic Board. Some scholars contend that the school heads must handle the problem of examination malpractices not only using appropriate styles but at the right time or rather act quickly. Studies show that if problems are not handled in good or appropriate time, it will get worse and if allowed unchecked may reached an extremely difficult or dangerous point.

 

 

 

                        Statement of the Problem

 

In recent time more than any other time in the history of this country, the prevalence of examination malpractices have assumed an alarming trend. The situation is so ugly that hardly you read newspapers, attend conference or go on internet without coming across issues rose on examination malpractices. The situation has also become so bad that our national and local mass media indirectly support and encourages examination malpractices by allowing people to advertise the phenomenon on the pages of their papers or radio and television (Nasiru, 2009).

 

The advertisement is in the form of school (mostly private) inviting students to come, write examination in their schools, and pass in one sitting. The question commonly asked here is how does one pass an examination by just registering and writing exams in the school? The possibility of such candidate or all those registered with the school, passing at a single sitting as advertise, is not that the entire students were so intelligent nor is it through training and hard work but the truth is through cheating. An investigation by THIS DAY revealed that certain secondary schools in Kaduna have become centre of excellence, where one can register for WAEC, NECO, or SSCE and determine the number of credits one wants, with full assurance that this will happen at the end of the day (Reuben, 2008). The truth is that so many schools in different part of the country are involved in this act. Hence such schools charged exorbitantly, tagged as ‘cooperation fees’ or ‘settlement fees’ in order to have surplus fund that will meet up the expenses of bribing external examiners or invigilators, as claimed by such school proprietors. According to Reuben (2008) that with the payment of stipulated amount, once question paper comes to such schools, it is solved by the teachers, quickly photocopied and distributed table by table to all the students that paid. In addition textbooks and any other relevant materials have free access into such exam hall.

 

Also it is in Nigeria that due to lawlessness, people go about freely discussing how they cheated or were helped to cheat in examination in their various centers. In some other examination centers answers are photocopied and given to students to copy free. The freedom has gone to the extent that some invigilators or their agents copy answers for candidate on the black board. Hence,

 

you discover in recent time students with the support of their parents from public schools rush to such private schools to pay and register at the rate of twenty five thousand (N25, 000.00) to thirty thousand (N30, 000.00) instead of the official government rate of five thousand naira (N5, 000.00) to seven thousand Naira (N7, 000.00) charged by public schools (Reuben, 2008). These students also ignore the sponsorship offered to indigene students in public schools by most northern states government; simply because of their belief that such private centers provide automatic ticket for them to get the minimum of 5 credits and above including mathematic and English. Little wonder, therefore, that students with such a very good result find it extremely difficult to pass ordinary JAMB or post UME examinations in our various universities and polytechnics.

 

Similarly, examination malpractices increased tremendously in colleges of education. Most Academic Board of Colleges of Education receives cases of students’ involvement in different forms of examination malpractices almost after every semester. Such reports were presented to Academic Board through Examination Malpractices Committee (EMIC). In some colleges EMIC is centralized while in other colleges the committee is decentralized so that each school in the college has its EMIC which report to the Dean of the school who in turn report to the Academic Board for consideration and final approval.

 

It is then obvious that examination malpractices and its management is complex. It is indeed complex because it has to do with managing inappropriate behavior that involves many interested groups within and outside the College. More importantly collecting evidences or facts of such misbehavior is not an easy task as some candidates swallow cheat notes to escape prosecution. For instance a case was reported of an engineering student from Calabar polytechnic caught copying from a foolscaps almost chocked to death as he was swallowing it in an attempt to destroy  evidences (News watch, 1991). This is one out of so many episodes happening in Nigerian schools. Experiences and researches shows that student use so many tactics in an attempt to destroy evidences of examination malpractices such as running away from the examination Hall with the

 

script, cheats notes or washing of the body parts that contained cheat data/information, threatening invigilators with death not to disclose the cheat materials, and many other ways (Ivor, 2008). Candidates also successfully accomplished their aim with special support within the school by corrupt teachers, administrators, examination officers, messenger etc, and from outside the school by candidate friends, and parents or relatives.

 

Therefore, the concern expressed by the public on the implication of this practice in many part of the country and the rate at which candidates become involved, in addition to many years invigilation experience of the researcher, motivated the research to analyze different types, causes and effects of examination malpractices from the managerial perspectives. This attempt is to dig out the bases of the problem from the grassroot, the approaches adopted by the colleges Academic Board in dealing with such cases in order to identify the nature and reasons behind examination malpractices in Nigeria Colleges of Education.

 

Thus, this investigation was conducted to find out the types and causes, effects, and the management of examination malpractices in Nigeria Colleges of Education.

 

                        Objectives of the Study

 

The research objectives on Investigation Of The Widespread And Management Of Examination Malpractices In Nigeria Colleges of Education were tailored towards achieving the following:

 

  1. identify various forms of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria;
  2. examine the causes of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria;
  3. determine the effects of examination malpractices on students’ future performances in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria;
  4. assess the management of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria; and
  5. find out the challenges in the management of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone,

                        Research Questions

Based on the objectives of the study, the following research questions offer direction to the researcher in carrying out the study:

 

  1. What are the various forms of examination malpractices in colleges in North West Geo – Political Zone, Nigeria?
  2. What are the causes of examination malpractices in colleges of education in North West Geo

 

–Political Zone, Nigeria?

 

  1. What are the effects of examination malpractices on students’ performance in colleges of education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria?
  2. What are the various approaches used in managing examination malpractices in colleges of education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria?
  3. What are the challenges in the management of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North West Geo –Political Zone, Nigeria?
Jan 29

ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION

ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICES IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN NORTH – WEST GEO-POLITICAL ZONE, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

The study, “Analysis of the Management of examination malpractices in Colleges of Education in North –West Geo-Political Zone, Nigeria,” was undertaken to find out the Forms, Causes, Effects, Challenges and the Management of Examination Malpractices in Colleges of Education in Nigeria in order to raise the status and integrity of the institutions and the certificates issued. The various management of examination malpractice strategies was captured in order to evolve new strategy possibly for the total eradication of the problem. A total of 380 Students, Lecturers, Examination Officers and Head of Departments were randomly selected from State and Federal Colleges of Education in the North West Geo Political Zone, Nigeria. Participants were selected through Cluster Sampling Process. A questionnaire comprising six sections was constructed. Three hundred and thirty (330) copies of questionnaire were retrieved and the responses of participants were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) after generating the frequency distributions, means, and standard deviations. The five hypotheses of this research were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The major findings of this study revealed, that there are different forms of examination malpractices, including new forms of hi-tech exam cheats (MP3 and MP4) being practice in the Colleges Education. That the causes of the cheating are many, popular among them, are emphasis on certificate, poor examination paper setting, low salary level of personnel (lecturers, typists, examination officers, etc) and inadequate preparation of students. That, the effects of examination malpractices identified include lack of value of the certificate issued, colleges were embarrassed with examination malpractice, decrease in job efficiency, etc. That the Management Strategies employed by the Colleges are weak and therefore, the problem persisted and more students tend to join in Examination Malpractices. That, the challenges are enormous; increase in enrolment rate leading to over-crowdedness in the examination rooms due to inadequate facilities, inadequate trained teachers, moral decadence that penetrated the colleges, interference with investigation and punishment of the culprits. In view of the findings the researcher developed two models, which if carefully and diligently implemented may eradicate Examination Malpractices in Colleges of Education. The models are teacher effectiveness model, which comprises input, process and output that could produce a free Examination Malpractice environment. This model is cheap and safer  as there is no security challenge since the beneficiaries (students) receive what they want. While the second model is on the high continuous assessment and feedback model. Finally, suggestions for future studies are presented.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
Title page i

Cover page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgments v
Abstract vi
Table of contents viii
List of tables’ xii
List of Figures xiv
List of Acronyms xv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study ` 1
Statement of the Problem ` 4
Objectives of the Study ` 6
Research Questions ` 7
Research Hypotheses ` 8
Basic Assumptions ` 8
Significance of the Study ` 9
Scope of the Study 11
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Introduction ` 13
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework ` 13
The Concept Examination/Assessment ` 16
Challenges of Conducting Examination in Colleges of Education 19
Emphasis on Memorization ` 19
Subjectivity ` 20
Poor Content Coverage ` 22
Administrative Bottleneck ` 22
Evaluation System in Nigeria ` 22
Indigenous Evaluation Practice ` 23
Islamic Education Evaluation – 26
Evaluation of the Early Missionary School and Colonial Education 27
The Concept Examination Malpractice 29
Forms of Examination Malpractices 29
Causes of Examination Malpractices ` 31
Effects of Examination Malpractices ` 33
Examination in Nigeria Today 34
Management of Examination Malpractices ` 35
Strategic Management Definitions 37
Strategic Approaches in the Management of Examination Malpractice 40

  • 2.10.3 Formal Mentoring Program 45
    2.11 Empirical Studies 47
    2.12 Summary 50
  • CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
    Introduction 52
    Research Design 52
    Population of the Study 53
    Sample and Sampling Techniques 53
    Instrumentation 58
    3.5.1 Questionnaire 58
    Validity of the Instrument 60
    Pilot Test 60
    Reliability of the Instrument 61
    Administration of the Instrument 61
    Methods of Data Analysis 61
    CHAPTER FOUR
    PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
    Introduction 63

    Bio Data of the Respondents 63
    Analysis on Research Questions 67
    Hypothesis Testing 136
    Summary of Major Findings 142
    Discussion of the Findings 143
    CHAPTER FIVE
    SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    Summary 146
    Conclusions 150
    Recommendations

Jan 29

Modeling Economic Output and Economic Growth with respect to Economic Freedom

Modeling Economic Output and Economic Growth with respect to Economic Freedom A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

 

Background to thesis

 

The governing dynamics behind the output of an economy (GDP) is subject to constant debate in economics. What makes an economy prosper and why are some countries more prosperous than others? Alongside the debate, extensive theoretical and empirical research has tried to answer this question.

 

The original neoclassical growth model from economists Solow (1956) and Swan (1956) suggest that the GDP of poor countries will – under the right conditions – grow faster than the GDP of rich countries, which is why the starting level of income must be of importance to economic growth. The models did not provide a satisfying explanation for why productivity was lower in poorer countries, but it laid the foundation for empirical research on the subject.

 

Extensions from economists Romer et al. (1992) provided a model that took human capital in account for explaining why productivity was lower in developing countries. Further extensions from Hall & Jones (1999) suggested that social infrastructure also should be included in the model in order to describe the environment in which agents ultimately produce economic output. Within the term social infrastructure there are defining measures such as rule of law, property rights and freedom of contract – all measures of economic freedom.

 

The relationship between economic freedom and economic growth has been examined by researchers with varying results. Notably, De Haan & Sturm (2000), used cross-sectional data from 80 countries over years 1975-1990 and found that there was a significant positive correlation between economic growth and changes in economic freedom – but not between economic growth and the level of economic freedom. Other researchers such as Scully (2002) and Dawson (2002) found a significant positive correlation between the level of economic freedom and economic growth.

 

As mentioned above, most papers have examined the relationship between GDP/capita growth and economic freedom on a cross-country sample, which arguably signifies short- term growth (Hall & Jones, 1995). This paper aims to further expand the knowledge on long-term economic growth by examining the GDP/capita level of 50 countries (of which 25 are developing and 25 developed) in relation to their respective level of economic freedom, using more recent data from year 2000 to 2013 – as well as the short-term growth by studying the GDP/capita growth rate. Furthermore, this paper will examine what impact economic freedom has within the sample groups of developed and developing countries.

Jan 28

The availability and use of ICT facilities towards academic performance in junior secondary school

The availability and use of ICT facilities towards academic performance in junior secondary school

  •  TABLE OF CONTENTS
    TITLE PAGE i
    APPROVAL PAGE ii
    CERTIFICATION iii
    DEDICATION iv
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v
    TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
    LIST OF TABLES viii
    ABSTRACT ix
    CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
    Background of the Study 1
    Statement of the Problem 7
    Purpose of the Study 9
    Significance of the Study 9
    Research Questions 10
    Research Hypotheses 11
    Delimitation of the Study 11
    CHATER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 12
    Conceptual Framework 12
    Concept of Electronic Technology 12
    Concept of Information and Communication Technology 13
    Uses of ICT in Education 14
    Use of ICT in Instructional Planning 24
    Use of ICT in Instructional Delivery 26
    Use of ICT in Instructional Evaluation 31
    The procedures for improving utilization of ICT use in education 34
    Theoretical Framework 37
    Theory of Communication 38
    Theory of Planned Behaviour 39
    Related Empirical Studies 40
    Summary of Literature Reviewed 45
  • CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 48
    Design of the Study 48
    Area of the Study 48
    Population for the Study 48
    Sample and Sampling Technique 49
    Instrument for Data Collection 49
    Validation of the Instrument 50
    Reliability of the Instrument 50
    Method of Data Collection 50
    Method of Data Analysis 51
    CHAPTER IV: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 52
    Research Question 1 52
    Research Question 2 54
    Research Question 3 56
    Testing of Hypotheses 58
    Findings of the Study 63
    Discussion of Research Findings 66
  • CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 71
    Restatement of the Problem 71
    Purpose of Study 72
    Summary of the Procedure used for the Study 73
    Major Findings of the Study 74
    Implications for the Study 75
    Conclusions 76
    Recommendations 77
    Suggestions for Further Research 77
    REFERENCES 78
Jan 28

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SCIENCE IN NIGERIA.

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD SCIENCE IN NIGERIA

  • INTRODUCTION

In our traditional societies, members are brought up from infancy to view natural phenomena around them from the perspective of supernatural forces. This observation is a peculiar characteristic of the third world countries that are constituted by superstitious societies (Anonymous, 2006). In general, superstitious beliefs abound where there is a combination of factors such as paganism and dogmatic orthodox religion (Block, 1994).These complicate explanation of natural phenomena based on scientific principles.
Man’s fear arising from his inability to understand, control and predict natural event and phenomena, which are either relevant to or threaten his existence and wellbeing in his environment, places him in a confused state. Newport & Strousberg (2001) asserted that the absence of modern science from the traditional cultures of the world prior to the time of its birth in Western Europe gave rise to superstitions as the child of events in man’s attempt to control and predict nature. Superstition is a term employed to designate beliefs that are not consistent with acceptable notions of reality and possibility. It is a belief rooted in manipulation which exists in the realms of mystic or supernatural (Vyse, 2009). These beliefs influence the reasoning, thinking, creative ventures and understanding in man, especially children. It was this that lead Uche & Umoren (1998) to advise that when young children are being introduced to science by teachers, all superstitious ideas should be eliminated and that unless this is done,
the teachers can only succeed in producing people with dichotomous minds: divided between scientific explanation and superstitious beliefs.
Several studies have shown that pupils often bring with them to the classroom alternative conceptions of science. These alternative conceptions differ fundamentally from the knowledge that is transmitted by the science teacher. Researchers have labeled this phenomenon as alternative framework (Driver, 1989) or student’s prior/pre-instructional knowledge (Posner et al, 1982; (Idiong, & Andy, 1997). These studies contended that student’s prior knowledge does interfere with the learning of scientific concepts, attitudes, process and products, thus, their academic performance. Ingle & Turner (1981) claimed that learning of science in Africa has been made difficult by this conflict of science and culture. Their study tended to suggest a possible influence of superstition on pupils cognitive development, thus their academic performance. Whiting & Whiting (1990) emphasized that unique cultures allocate values differently and that those values have consequences for behaviour. They further claimed that value differences are accounted for with child rearing practices, family structure and belief system. Cultural values have much to do with individual’s behaviour in a number of social contexts. Value orientations are often discussed as important to understanding academic achievement.
Arciniega (1971) argued that contextually, desperate values affect the performance of pupils outside the dominant culture mainstream, while Hodgkinson (2004) noted that values and perceptions are related to pupils’ academic performance. Whiting & Whiting (1990) illustrated this social conflict of holding conflicting value orientation among the instance of the Mexican American children. These children want social acceptance but will not want to achieve this at the cost of giving up their heritage and belief. They want the beliefs of the dominant societal group but not the cost of their language, custom and cultural values. This kind of orientation is likely to affect the academic performance of such pupils. However, Whyte (1996) had earlier noted that though traditional Mexican-American children are oriented towards the authority structure of the family, which very well impedes achievement, there was a noticeable lack of information to explain the effects on academic achievement cross-culturally.
Ajikobi & Bello (1991) observed that some Nigerians are imbued with beliefs that have built in them a form of mind, which repulses explanation of a concept in ways other than theirs. This attitude is invariably transmitted to children such that any attempt to provide an alternative modern scientific explanation to such beliefs held are observed to evoke unwilling and non- co-operative attitude. This conflict normally affects the pupils’ cognitive development and could possibly affect pupils’ academic performance in the sciences. Since the early childhood forms the bedrock upon which the secondary and tertiary levels of education are built, it becomes necessary to begin at the early childhood level to lay the appropriate foundation in science education. It is at this level that science education seeks to awaken in the child the desire or otherwise to become a professional scientist and to experience jo y or excitement in the intellectual power of science. Very few pupils opt for science and there has been a general outcry over the low level of performance of pupils of sciences in both internal and external examinations in Nigeria (Uche & Umoren, 1998).
These previous research studies tend to suggest a possible influence of superstitious beliefs on pupils understanding of science, mainly at the secondary school level. It was our aim in this study to investigate if there is any relationship between pupils’ superstitious beliefs and their academic performance in early childhood science in Ogoja Educational Zone, South Eastern Nigeria.

  • Research questions

This research work attempted to answer the following question: to what extent does superstitious belief influence academic performance of early childhood pupils in science in Ogoja Educational Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria?

  • Statement of hypotheses

In other to obtain answers to the research questions, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
There is no significant relationship between superstitious beliefs and pupils’ academic performance in childhood science in Ogoja Educational Zone, South Eastern Nigeria.

Jan 28

LOCATION ANALYSIS OF FILLING STATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

LOCATION ANALYSIS OF FILLING STATIONS IN KANO METROPOLIS, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT

This study analysed the location of filling stations in Kano Metropolis against the physical planning standards set by Department of Petroleum Resource (DPR) and Kano Urban Planning and Development Agency (KNUPDA).Namesand street addresses of the filling stations were obtained from the Department Petroleum Resource (DPR) Kano. Global positioning System Garmin 76X GPS was used to capture the locations of the filling stations. The Quickbird imagery, street map, and boundary map were obtained from the Kano State Ministry of Land and Physical planning and then imported to Arcmap environment of ArcGIS 10, integrated and georeferenced to the same coordinate system. The findings revealed that there are 214 filling stations located along the 43 roads in the study area, of which 69% are owned by independent marketers, 26% owned by Major Marketers and 5% owned by the NNPC. There is significant correlation between the number of filling stations and the road hierarchy. While Zaria, Maiduguri and Katsina roads (all major roads) have the highest number of filling stations, the access roads like Sabo Bakin Zuwo and Zungeru roads have highest densityof filling station per km. Petroleum Motor Sprit (PMS) is major products trade by the stations, the overall pattern of the location of the filling stationsin the area is clustered, and there is significant difference between the pattern and random pattern at both 95 and 99% level of significance. The major factors governing the location of filling stations are the traffic flow, exit site from the city and closeness to motorpark. Most of the filling stations satisfied the minimum requirement of 15 metres distance from the road (96%). Equally 98% of the filling stations met the minimum distance of 100 meter from the health care facilities. However many stations had not meet the criteria of 400 meter minimum distance to other stations where located on same road side and when not separated by any road or street. The research recommends that the regulatory agencies should take appropriate which ensure that filling stations operators comply with the standards.

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

  • Background to the Study

Maps are scales for measuring the property of location. Although maps may show objects with respect to attributes other than location, their principal purpose is to depict object in term of their location property. Location is seen as that property of objects which geographers consider central to their study and problems of understanding objects or phenomena which interest them (Lewis, 1977).

In geography the term location is used to identify a point or an area on the earth or elsewhere and this may be through the use ofabsolute or relative terms. Location is said to be relative when it is described in relation to other point or area.  An absolute location uses a specific pairing of latitude and longitude in a Cartesian coordinate grid (Abler, Adam and Gould (1971).

The increase of urban population and the growth of the number of cars and other vehicle generate various kinds of demands, one of which is fuel. Harrison (1999) noted that a considerable amount of cars fuel is wasted due to the long urban paths and unnecessary trips. Increase vehicles triggered increasing demands for fuel and by extension fuel station, since engines are made to use petroleum products and filling station are the places were fuel are sold.

Filling Station, Petrol station, gas station or petroleum outlet is defined as any land, building or equipment used for the sale or dispensing of petrol or oil for motor vehicles or incidental thereto and includes the whole of the land, building or equipment whether or not the use as a petrol station is the predominant use or is only  a part thereof.The American heritage dictionary of English Language (2011) defined filling station as a place where gasoline and oil are sold and facilities are available forrepairing or maintaining automobiles.Most filling stations sell petrol or diesel, some carry specialty fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, kerosene, or butane while the rest add shops to their primary business (Ayodele, 2011).

Petroleum is no doubt a predominant source of Nigeria’s revenue and foreign exchange. It has occupied strategic importance in the Nigerian economy, accounting for as high as 78 percent of gross domestic product and up to 90 percent of the country‟s total annual revenue and foreign exchange earnings (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008).The petroleum industry in Nigeria is divided into two main segments, the upstream and the downstream sectors. The upstream refers to activities such as exploration, production and delivery to an export terminal of crude oil or gas. The downstream on the other hand encompasses activities like loading of crude oil at the terminal and its user especially transportation, supply trading, refining distribution and marketing of petroleum (Asada, n.d.). Activities of filling stations or petroleum outlets are part of the downstream sector.

According to Ehinomen and Adeleke (2012) the petroleum industry can be classified by type of actors or by sector. The actors in the Nigerian industry consist of both private and public organizations. The public actors are the government agents and functionaries such as the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and its subsidiaries, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), the Petroleum Products Pricing Regulatory Authority (PPPRA), among others. The private segment consists of both indigenous and foreign actors. The indigenous actor consist of independent marketers which numbered about 1000 in 1979, a year after formulating the act which established them but increased to 7948 in 2010 and they are competing with the foreign or multinational marketers (referred to as major marketers) like

 

Mobil Oil Nigeria Plc., MRS Nigeria Plc., Total Nigeria Plc., Conoil Plc., Oando Nigeria Plc. and African Petroleum Plc.

Selecting a better site for business enterprise is at mind of every government and entrepreneurs who invests their capital to earn profit. Some of the variables considered when selecting location for utility are proximity to population centers, distance from neighboring stations, the easements of using existing utility, and the magnitudes of environmental pollution parameters (Alesheikh and Golestani, 2011). Other factors to take into account when making a decision about the location of business, including customers, transport, the neighborhood, finances and the longer term future (Oetomo and Sesulihatien, 2012).

Bolen (1988) stated that every location in the earth has its analyzable advantages and disadvantages. According to him the factors can be classified into two physical conditions. These are the real physical and analysis physical. Real physical is a visible condition in relation to area such as land condition, the width, and the distance from the highway. Analysis physical, on the other hand, is physical condition obtained from physical analysis such as population analysis, neighborhood factor, and competitor analysis. Both factors are important while locating business; this  is because while the physical condition can affect the nature and type of business to be conducted, analysis physical can affect the business performance. For example, if the distance between one station and the other is too close, then it will lead to decreased turnover on each station (Oetomo and Sesulihatien, 2012).

This work focused on the location analysis of filling stations in Kano Metropolis, the second largest city in Nigeria and the commercial hub of northern part of the country. The study is triggered by the fact that a lot of filling stations in the area, and it seems there are problems as regard location and distributions of filling stations in the city. Some of the implications of improper location of the filling station are traffic congestion, fire risk, inconviniences, and so on. In the word of Christeller (1933) in Abler, Adams and Gould (1973), there is some ordering principles unrecognized that governs the distribution of things and phenomena. Only when proper investigation is made that one can explain what is where and why, a question that geography holds since the epoch of Eratosthenes, since the beginning of geography.

   Statement of the Research Problem

 

In all parts of the world cities are exposed to hazards such as traffic congestions, pollution, accidents, fire explosion and environmental problems. These problems are most common in developing nations like Nigeria where there is lack of coordinated planning for development and non-adherence to planning laws. These generally results to illegal conversion, leading to haphazard development and the deliberate location of land uses in unsuitable areas. As observed by Ayodele (2011),  in highly urbanized areas filling station is a significant contributor to traffic problems such as traffic congestion, pollution, fire and explosion. The extent of these problems depends on the criteria or variable such as location, size and set back from road e.t.c.some hazards, such as traffic congestion, pollution and many more problems result from un-coordinated development. Apart from these hazards, cities are also confronted with other problems like accidents, explosionand fire. Studies have been done on filling stations in urban areas.

One of the common features of Kano City, which is the second largest industrial centre and largest commercial state in Nigeria, is traffic hold up, which sometimes may be attributed to the long queues in the nearby filling station especially in the period of fuel scarcity. Also filling stations result to reduction in width of carriageway meant for the efficient movement of automobileand pedestrians; results to noice and air pollution and unpleasant odours in the neighbourhood. Filling stations are located anywhere along the city‟s road to the stage that one wonders whether there exist in place anyplanning standards to guide their establishment. It has been discovered in many instances when accident happened in the stations the neighborhoods are affected and these led to loss of life and properties.

Sule, Shebe, Bichi and Atiyon (2006) studied the spatial distribution of filling station in Kaduna Metropolis using ArcView GIS software. The results of the study showed that there are 193 filling stations in the area, and that indepent marketers dominate the business with 68% of the stations. Although the study aimed at inventory and showing the location of the filling stations, it did not show which stations is where or why, and did not examine the spatial pattern of the stations.

Ayodele (2011) examined the spatial distribution of filling stations in Kaduna North. The study identified the pattern and distribution problem in the area. The study found that there 22 filling stations in the area and the distribution is uneven as the stations are mostly concentrated along major roads. In addition the study looked at the set backs and locational situation of the stations and concluded that 69.5% did not conform to the standard. Though GIS was applied for mapping, it was not employed for measuring the standards conpliences. Similarly a study was carried out in Agege Local government Area of Lagos State by Abdullahi (2012). The study observed that filling stations are randomly distributed in the area. The study observed due to land shortage people build station wherever the land is available and this creates a pseudo development pattern.

Blamah, Vivan, Tagwi and Ezemokwe (2012) looked at the locational impact assessment of gasoline service stations along Abuja-Keffi road and environs in Karu,

Abuja, Nigeria. The study examine the location of petroleum filling station using Site Analysis Report (SAR) of the seventeen sampled (out fifty) station in the area, a questionnaire was also administered to solicit people‟s perception on the effects of the location of filling stations. The findings of the study revealed partiality and disregards of planning criteria in locating filling station, that about 82% of the stations have fallen short in meeting the standards of 450m distance in-between.

Kano is the most populated state in Nigeria (NPC, 2006), it has over 10million people out of which about 2-3million own different kind of vehicle which about 6- 7million use vehicle to their work place (NIAF, 2011). The movement of this vehicle is powered by gasoline. To be able to maintain this number and movement of vehicles a number of gasoline selling points are established. Some have met the guide lines or planning while others have not. The points established for seeling gasoline and other petroleum products whether officially or unofficially are called filling stations. It was found out and as confirmed by other studies that traditional patterns are clustered, random or scatter (Ahmad, Mohammed, Mohammed and Idris, 2013). To the best knowledge of the researcher none has analysed the location pattern of filling stations in Kano Metropolis nor compare their present locations to the physical planning standards, which is the gap this study intend to address. Moreso there is lack of spatial data for the filling station in the area, and no study has been done see the extent of compliance.

From the foregoing discussion this study setout to address the following questions:

  1. What is the number of filling stations in Kano Metropolis?
  2. What is nature and pattern of the location of the filling stations in Kano Metropolis?
  3. What are the factors governing the location of filling stations in Kano Metropolis?
  4. To what extent does the distribution of filling stations in the area comply with the physical planning standards set by DPR (2007) and Kano Urban Planning Development Agency, KNUPDA (2013)?

1.4 Research Hypothesis 

The study would test the following hypothesis:

Ho: there is no significant relationship between the distribution of filling station in Kano Metropolis and the physical planning standards set out by DPR (2007) and KNUPDA (2013).

  Aim and Objectives 

The aim of this study is to analyse the location of filling stations in Metropolitan Kano against the physical planning standards set by DPR and KNUPDA.

The specific objectives are to:

  1. take an inventory and map out the filling stations in the area
  2. determine the location pattern(s) of the filling stations in the area
  3. examine factors influencing the location of filling stations
  4. compare location  of  the   filling   stations with  the     physical planning standards set by DPR (2007) and KNUPDA (2013)

 Scope of the Study 

This research focuses on the location analysis of filling stations in Kano Metropolis, which consist of eight local governments (Dala, Fagge, Gwale, Kano Municipal, Kumbotso, Nasarawa, Tarauni and Ungogo). Location, distributions and patterns of the filling stations were determined by the study; and products sold by the filling stations have been examined. In addition the ownership of the filling stations was also identified by the study.The study also examined the factors influencing the location of filling stations in the area. Also the distance of the stations from the road, hospitals, and distance between station and its neighbors had been examined and compare with the standards of DPR and KNUPDA. The data were collected during the month of May 2014, thus the analysis were restricted to the stations existing at the time of study. However not all the physical planning standards were examine due to resource and other constraints.

Justification for the Study 

Petroleum has found a central place among the energy resource. There is little or no exaggeration when one suggests that the name petroleum has become synonymous with Nigerian economy, but its supply and distribution has always been an acid test for successive government in the country. Due to urbanization, increase in population and vehicles for carrying goods and services there is general increase in petroleum demand. Filling stations are built to meet these demands.

The report submitted by the Petroleum Revenue Special Task Force (PRSTF) in 2012 outlined lack of adequate data record keeping, over reliance on manual method and inadequate data and IT infrastructure among industry players are the shortcomings of Nigeria‟s key agencies under the Ministry of Petroleum Resources/ Department of Petroleum Resources that are vested with the mandate to produce Oil and Gas licence, keep and update records, supervise petroleum industry operations and ensure payment of rent and royalties. As reported by Ehinomen and Adeleke (2012), Eromosele (1997) observed that after almost half a century of oil exploration

in Nigeria, the oil industry is earning a mature status in comparison to other industries in the country such that significant progress has been made in terms of oil exploration and sale of crude oil abroad. Unfortunately, the domestic management of petroleum resources is fraught with a number of problems. There are occasional product shortages, inefficient product distribution and contending pump price of petrol.

Kano Metropolis is the second commercial and most populous city in Nigeria and the largest city North Niger. The city has high vehicular movement and many filling stations and that one may wonder whether planning standards are considered when siting such station. In some instance traffic hold-on and accidents are associated with the filling station location.Hence the need to investigate the location of the filling station against the planning standard set by the regulation agencies.

This study may therefore play a role in creating database of the filling stations, identifying pattern and proposing some solution to problem associated with location problems such as long queues and reducing the damages that may result from poor locations.