Month: September 2020

Sep 30

COVID-19 PROJECT TOPICS FOR MASS COMMUNICATIONS

HOW TO USE THIS PAPER

This note contains a list of project topics ideas for final year student and researchers who may wish to embark on a study of COVID-19.

Each of the project topics here contain a safe link from www.schoolprojecttopics.com  and www.projectstore.com.ng  the link to each topic will navigate you the read the contents of the project topic. The chapter one or preview is totally free of charge while other chapters maybe premium.

Sep 30

IMPACT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN ANAMBRA STATE

IMPACT OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) ON SECONDARY SCHOOL EDUCATION IN ANAMBRA STATE

Abstract

The study investigates the impact of ICT on Anambra secondary schools. Information communication technology (ICT) has no doubt changed the face of teaching and learning globally. The study observed that, though Anambra is also making efforts to join the ICT fray, these efforts appear to be ineffective. Anambra still experience a lag in its implementation due to general neglect and other factors, comprising corruption etc, and this continues to be the major challenge facing access to ICT-driven instructional aids facilities in most Anambra secondary schools. The study concludes that despite the roles ICT can play in education, Anabra schools are yet to extensively adopt them for teaching and learning. Efforts geared towards integration of ICT into the school system have not had much impact. Problems such as lack of Teachers’ Professional knowledge and technical know-how and poor information infrastructure militate against these efforts. The study recommends that efforts should be made by government to post and provide teachers skilled in ICTs to each school in Anambra State as to impact ICT skills to the students

Sep 30

THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER IN THE USE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF 400 LEVEL STUDENT OF SOKOTO STATE UNIVERSITY

THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER IN THE USE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE OF 400 LEVEL STUDENT OF SOKOTO STATE UNIVERSITY

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Despite the importance attached to the English Language, and efforts made by stake holders in the educational sector to optimize the learning of English Language as a school subject, students’ achievement in English Language has not commensurate to the investment made in it. There has been a fall in students’ academic achievement in English Language over the years as compared to other subjects in the school system. Evidence abounds that students have not been doing well in English Language. Adeosun (2010) observed that the low standard of English Language is reflected in the large number of candidates who failed the school certificate English. Eme (2012) revealed that 67.43%, 60.56%, 53.79% and 41.82% of students who sat for this examination failed in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. Also the result of the SSCE from 2012 to 2014 showed that 2012 (38.81%), 2013 (36.57%) and 2014 (31.28%) respectively passed the subject at least at credit level (West Africa Examination Council 2014). From the result, it has shown a drastic decline in the achievement of students in the subject. This statistics and report is a call for concern for any patriotic stakeholder in the education subsector to ponder over the system.

According to Fakeye (2011), Nigerian secondary school students have problems in the learning of English Language as revealed in their achievement in the public examinations. Therefore, this situation is a source of concern, and has aroused the interest of these researchers to investigate possible causes of lapses in the effective learning of English Language. Many likely factors may be responsible for these students’ poor academic achievement in the subject. Researchers such as Eme (2012) and Obanya (2013) have pointed out some factors such as the teacher, the school and the home environment. Others are peer group influence, pedagogical variables, government policies among others. However, in view of the entrenched gender practices in Nigeria and cross River State, particularly, an investigation of the role of gender is still valid

Gender has been regarded as an important affective factor that plays a specific role and influences second language acquisition, (Zoghi, Kazemi & Kalan 2013). In a study on students’ personal variables as correlates of academic achievement in English as a second language in Lagos State, Nigeria, Fakeye (2011) investigated the relationship between students’ personal variables and achievement in English Language. Questionnaire on “Students’ Attitude to English” (QSAE) and “Students’ Academic Ability Test” (SAAT) were used for data collection. A sample of four hundred 400) Senior Secondary school studentswere randomly selected from five (5) secondary schools for the study. A correlational analysis and a t-test were run on the variables and the students’ annual scores in English. The analyses revealed that the difference between male and female students’ achievements in English Language was not significant. (T-value 0.305, degree of freedom was 398 and p > 05).There have been a number of other empirical studies on the same subject matter by different researchers in different places using different samples and methodology but still came to the same conclusion that gender has no significant influence on academic achievement of students in English Language (Okoye (2009);Obadaki (2011); Babalola and Onyiloye (2012); Adeyemi and Adeyemi; (2013) Adeyemi (2014).

However, Zoghi, Kazemi and Kalan (2013) in a related study examined the effect of gender on English as a foreign language (EFL) in Iran Language Institute (ILS) using100 students (50 males and 50 females) selected from four different classes. The ages of the participants range between 12 and 14 years. The employed procedures were quantitative methods of analysis and making use of descriptive analysis, pair t-test, and the effect size. The total average of the female students (M=13.18) is higher than that of males’ (M= 11.47). Female students outperformed the male students. In this case, female students had a standard deviation of 3.20 whereas males had achieved a standard deviation of 3.54. It shows the amount of variation within scores was smaller in females than males. This produced a t-value of -3.928 and a p-value of .000, which is less than the .05 significant level. The results indicated that English as a Foreign Language learning is to some extent related to gender and it has a significant effect on the achievement test. This conclusion was earlier adopted by Bidin and Jusof (2012).

Sep 30

Critical assessment of community participation in primary health care

Critical assessment of community participation in primary health care

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In 1978, the World Health Organization (WHO) adopted the policy of “Health for all by the year 2000”. The factors that trigger the need for such an ambitious vision were embedded in the global socio- political, geographical, cultural and economic contexts. Other prime stimuli in rising in equalities in the distribution and allocation of health care resources and lack of social justice along with the rising costs that lead to in accessibility in the proper utilizing of health care services were the prime stimuli for WHO to adopt a rather radical idea of “Health for all by the year 2000” (Shi, Starfield, Politzer & Regan, 2002, WHO, 2006).

Primary health care became a component of health for all in 1978, when member state of the WHO were attending a meeting in Alma Ara/Russia who supported the policy which is for the betterment and development of all nations.  

Health for all would entail national allocation and utilization of resources with fairness in access to health care services and efficiency meets the objective of Primary Health Care. According to Olise, (2011) National Health Policy aims to provide health care service that is preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative (restorative) in a wider perspective through active and immediate community involvement and participation. Community participation entails mechanisms for involving the communities in the planning and implementation of services on matters affecting their health, also community participation and Primary Health Care are inseparable of the proper utilization of health services is to be successful attained and achieved; (Federal Ministry of Health, 2004).

According to United Nations Children Education Fund (UNICEF) (1999) Community participation is the active involvement of people from communities preparing for ovacting to disaster, or is the involvement of the people concerned in analysis, decision making, planning and program implementation as well as in all the activities concerning health matters. One of the factors that stimulated the indoctrination of community participation and primary health care policy is the rising in equalities in the distribution and allocation of health care resources and lack of social justice along with the rising costs of health care leading to in accessibility to various health care services.

Community participation as in integral component of Primary Health Care is seriously neglected which manifests in the lack of active inclusion and involvement of various programs within their localities and domains. Community participation is effectively put into consideration would lead to the attainment of the objective of primary health care. This is to provide health care services to every individual in a wider coverage for the attainment of health care for all using available, accessible and affordable resources within the cultural acceptability of every nation in particular and the global nexus at large Olise, (2011).

Primary Health Care has been introduced into the Nigeria state in 1987. Federal Ministry of Health, (2001); in which it was launched throughout the country with the sole aim of providing a better health care for all, through community participation. It also plays a central role as it offers affordable and accessible health services to various individuals, families and communities at their door steps using available resources, more especially with emphasis to immunization, sanitation, family planning, child health care and welfare as well as food hygiene and nutrition.

Primary Health Care is more relevant at the third tier of government i.e. local governments, due to its grassroots, first level of contact and doorstep health care approach. As part of Alkaleri Local Government’s effort, the council has built various health centers and employed various health personnel and deployed them to managed the health centers. (Bauchi State Primary Health Care Development Agency, 2012).

But the point of concern is to assess the level of progress in the successful implementation of the services through community participation as an integral part of Primary Health Care in the Local Government. Against this back ground, this study seeks to examine the effectiveness, shortcomings and possible ways of improving community participation in primary health care delivery in Alkaleri L.G.A of Bauchi State. 

Statement of the Problem     

Community participation as an integral part of Primary Health Care services is seriously ignored in the fenets of the policy, the notable in adequacy of participation have continued to make health care delivery system difficult to attain efficiency especially in the developing world (Herrington, 2004). These in adequacies range from the levels of individual, family, community and government in general. The problems at the individual level include, the nature of interactions with other community members, value / moral practices fear of disgrace and exclusive, lack of community feelings at heart by the community members where they tend to be highly individualistic. There is also unfair distribution of work and benefits amongst members of the community. There is also inadequate qualified manpower that will sensitize and mobilize the community for a better action and involvement in changing their attitudes toward health from negative to positive (OLISE, 2011).

Linking these problems to the area under study one may identify a reported cases whereby most of the community members in the study area express their felt needs instead of the real problems facing their localities to the government officials and even the distribution of health resources in the study area is not equitably and fairly done but based on the political party affiliation of the particular community more especially in the previous regimes (1999-2015) (McEvoy and Tierney, 2014).

Interms of recruitment exercise it was not done in the local government for the past five years, also the level of educational attainment of the community members within the study area is mostly characterized with large number of illiterate and school drop outs in line with the above, the study area is left far behind in terms of locating health programs which are the infrastructures that shape the health care sector therefore absent of effective community participation more especially in the aspect of immunization and public sanitation which if care is not taken may lead to an outbreak of diseases that may claim many lives (Centre for Disease Control, 2011).

Finally, influence of political and related interference in assignment of roles, allocation of resources and infrastructure in the study area makes the participation more complicated, which weakens the community members effort to actively participate (BSPHCDA, 2012). Based on the above context, this study is desired to assess the level of community participation in Primary Health Care Services in Alkaleri Local Government Area of Bauchi State.

Purpose of the Study

The broader purpose of the study is to assess the level of community participation in Primary Health Care Services in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State.

The specific objectives of this study are to:-

1.     Examine the level of community participation in primary health care services in Alkaleri Local Government Area.

2.     Identify the motivating factors responsible for participation of community members in primary health care services in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State.

3.     Identify ways to resolve the challenges facing community participation in Primary Health Care Services in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State.

Significance of the Study

This study is very important in many respects. The study will shed light on the progress achieved in terms of community participation in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State.

The study will also contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of community participation, thereby advancing literature in the area. The study will serve as a guide for future research to students, non governmental organizations and the government for proper implementation of health programs to the study area and help government in decision making and policy formulations concerning community participation without difficulties, finally the study will help the government to know where the lapse in community participation arises and assist government on how effectively to tackle the problems for effective health care coverage, also the study will assist the community in identifying their real problems concerning their own health and harnessing local resources thereby solving the problems by themselves.

Research Questions 

Following research questions were formulated to guide the study;

1.     What is the level of community participation in primary health care services in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State?

2.     What are the motivating factors responsible for participation of community members in primary health care in Alkaleri Local Government Area, Bauchi State?

3.     How can the challenges facing community participation in Primary health care in Alkaleri Local Government Area be resolved?

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study covers the entire community participation in primary health care services in Alkaleri Local Government Area from 2015 – 2018. The researcher examined the achievements of community participation in primary health care services in Alkaleri Local Government Area. The study covers six wards from the three districts of the local government with abundant health resources that of properly and appropriately utilized will lead to a better health care.

The study is also restricted to the assessment of community participation in the provision of primary health care services within the study area. The more construction and establishment of health clinics and enlightenment campaign by government on any given health program without involvement of community members in the implementation of the primary health care programs will not lead to the attainment of the goals of primary health care.

The target population comprises the household heads, house wives, heads of community based clubs and associations and health care workers within the study area. 

Sep 30

Secondary school teacher perspective and competent in the utilization of information and communication

Secondary school teacher perspective and competent in the utilizations of information and communication in Ilorin

Abstract

One  of  the  numerous  goals  of  Nigeria  as  a  nation  is  to  aggressively  promote  ICT  as  an  instrument  of  mass education,  growth  and  development  (NEEDS,  2004).  There  is  no  doubt  that  teachers  are  indispensable  for successful  teaching  and  learning  with  ICT  and  their  competence  in  the  use  of  ICT  is  crucial  to  successful implementation  of  contemporary  school  curriculum.  This  study  therefore  examined  teachers’  perceived competence in the use of ICTs with respect to computer basics, use of the internet, and their ability to use simple softwares. A research question and three hypotheses were raised for the descriptive survey study. The instrument used for the  study  was  the  ICT  Competence  Questionnaire  (ICTCQ).  Simple  random  sampling  technique  was  used  to select 300 public secondary school teachers in the four geo-political zones in Illorin State. Frequency count and percentages were used for the research question while chi square was used in analyzing the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level.

Findings indicated that;  

  • Most teachers in Illorin State secondary schools do not have the required competence in ICT.
  • Those teachers in the humanities have more competence in ICT than teachers in the sciences.
  • Academic qualification of a teacher does not have any effect on teacher’s competence in ICT.
  • Teachers’ competence in the use of ICT is not influenced by their teaching experience.  

It is then evident that the present crop of teachers needs to be retrained to improve their competence in ICT usage. Consequently training of teachers in ICT through seminars and workshops organized by state government should be regulated to termly schedule as against occasional exercise that is prevalent presently. The government should increase  the  supply  of  computer  system  to  schools  and  also  make  provisions  for  their  maintenance.  Internet facilities should also be put in place for schools by the government and credit facilities can also be provided for teachers by the government to encourage individual teacher to have personal computer.  

Sep 30

Esther self sacrifice :The question for liberation and peace in Nigeria politics

Political  science  had  long  considered  religion  increasingly  irrelevant  in  social  life  [1]. This   was   despite   the   progressively self-evident   occurrences   in   the   reverse   regard. Nevertheless, religion is a critical construct for understanding contemporary social life [2]. It  
accordingly  illuminates  the  everyday  experiences  and  practices  of  many  individuals;  is  a significant component of diverse institutional processes, including politics…and plays a vital role in public culture and social change. Consequently, the role of religion in society has recently been the subject of renewed empirical and experimental interest. The  subsisting  1999  Nigerian  Constitution  (Section,  10)  and  indeed  all  the  previous Nigerian  Constitutions  have  specifically  provided  that, the  Government  of  the  Federation  of Nigeria or of a State  (in  the federation) shall not  adopt any  religion as state religion. Hence, the  generally  held  notion  of  secularity  of  the  Nigerian  state  essentially  derives  from  this constitutional  provision.  It  is  noted  in  any  case,  that  the  secularization  worldview  is  not  a Nigerian  peculiarity.  But  central  to  the  concerns  of  this  study  is  the  linkages  between  the secularism  of  the  state  in  Nigeria  and  the  seeming insularity  of  the  citizens  to  political visibility,  on  the  grounds  of  their  ostensible  religiosities  and  the  attendant (constitutional) secular requirements.  

N30K

Sep 30

EFFECT OF AVAILABILITY AND USE OF LABORATORY ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE SUBJECT

EFFECT OF AVAILABILITY AND USE OF LABORATORY ON STUDENTS PERFORMANCE IN SCIENCE SUBJECT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Science had been of great importance internationally for sustainable and socio-economic development as well as for technological advancement of nations. Knowledge of science and technology is therefore a requirement in all countries and needed by all people globally due to numerous challenges that are facing them. These challenges include emergencies of new drug resistant diseases, effects of genetic experimentation and engineering, ecological impact of modern technology, dangers of nuclear war and explosions and global warming among others (Alsop & Hicks, 2001; Minishi, Muni, Okumu, Mutai, Mwangasha, Omolo & Munyeke, 2004). This had resulted to rapid changes taking place in medicine, industry, communication, and agriculture. Science as an agent of development plays an important role in bringing about these changes through technological advancement, national wealth enhancement, health improvement and industrialization (Validya, 2003), this is why scientific and technological breakthrough is usually the goal of any developing nation like Nigeria. The emphasis on teaching and learning of science is on ensuring that teachers not only teach the process of science but also are able to subject scientific concepts to the sensory experience of the learners. By this, the ‘hands’ and ‘minds’ of learners must be on scientific activities such that learners will be able to learn actively and thereby participate in knowledge construction In essence, the focus is on activity based science lesson which entails both best classroom and laboratory practices.

This direction of teaching and learning of science subjects in schools is viewed to lead students to acquiring the required science process skills, life skills and competence as enshrined in the revised edition of (National Policy on Education (NPE) (FRN, 2013) National core curricular for Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics etc. However, the eorts of teaching in achieving the goals of NPE 2013, the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS), EFA, Science Education for all, NEEDS, Vision 20:2020 faces great challenges.

The challenges facing science teaching and learning includes the use of teacher-centered approaches to teaching, lack of adequate and relevant instructional materials, inadequate classroom and laboratories and laboratory equipment etc. Laboratory equipment etc. Laboratory is at the center of scientific studies and/or science so long as science remains both a product and process. The availability of laboratory equipment, facilities and materials play a vital role in determining the extent of best laboratory practices that will ensure acquisition of science process skills and competence in science concepts by the learners. According to Abimbola (2001) one major aspect of Science education that is of great concern is in the area of availability and effectiveness of use of specialized and relevant science equipment, facilities and instructional materials. The school laboratories that are well designed, stocked and safe for teaching and learning of science ensure active practical exercises (Katcha, 2005). Laboratory work is an indispensable part of science instruction, and no effective science education can exist without practical work (Udo, 2010). Laboratory practical’s are dependent on the level of equipping of the laboratory with relevant instructional materials and the ability of the teacher to effectively and efficiently utilize them. The challenges often faced in doing practical’s in inadequately equipped laboratories has led teachers to separate science lessons into practical and theory lessons or classes and or shifting practical work until the second term of the final year (Ekpo, 1999). According to Ekpo any effort to separate Science into practical and theory lesson account to perpetuating the dichotomy and this is antithesis of what science is.

Statement of the Problem

The persistent low level of senior secondary school students’ achievement in science at the various public examinations in Nigeria have continue to attract the attention of major stakeholders in education. Performance of students in science has consistently been poor and unimpressive. Despite all the considerable eorts made by stake holders at various levels, very little improvement in students’ achievement has been recorded. Available data from the two public examination body’s i.e [the West African Examination Council (WAEC) and National Examination Council (NECO)] in their appraisal report on SSCE indicates that, there was a downward trend in performance in Nigeria. Available records shows that from 2008 to 2012, there was a negative trend in the performances of students in the three sciences subjects with the average performances of 56.01% in Physics, 46.30% in Chemistry and 37.27% in Biology, this is in addition to an increasing failure rate in Biology and Chemistry (Sakiyo and Badau, 2015). It was generally observed that performance of candidates in WASSCE in the Nigeria in the subjects and for the period reviewed was not quite impressive except in Government where most of the candidates in Nigeria had credits and above. The main reason for this failure is because the learning and practice of science cannot be achieved in the environment which does not give emphasis on practical and hands on activities in schools. Students are supposed to do both theory and practical learning activities. Nevertheless, since science is an activity based subject, its effective teaching and learning cannot be feasible unless it is enriched with practical activities. Practical activities must occupy greater part of the time allocated to science subjects than the chalk and talk method of teaching the theoretical aspects. This study therefore intended to assess the availability and use of laboratory on academic performance.

Purpose of Study

The purpose of this study is to carry out Availability And Utilization Of Science subject Laboratory Materials In Secondary Schools In Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State

 Specifically, the study intends to:

1)         identify laboratory resources available for effective teaching and learning of science subject in secondary schools in Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State

2)         determine the adequacy in the provision of these laboratory resources in secondary schools in Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State.

3)         determine the extent to which teachers utilize laboratory resources in secondary schools in Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State

Sep 30

Distorted Fingerprint Verification System

Distorted Fingerprint Verification System

Abstract

Fingerprint verification is one of the most reliable personal identification methods. Fingerprint matching is affected by non-linear distortion introduced in fingerprint impression during the image acquisition process. This non-linear deformation changes both the position and orientation of minutiae. The proposed system operates in three stages: alignment based fingerprint matching, fuzzy clustering and classifier framework. First, an enhanced input fingerprint image has been aligned with the template fingerprint image and matching score is computed. To improve the performance of the system, a fuzzy clustering based on distance and density has been used to cluster the feature set obtained from the fingerprint matcher. Finally a classifier framework has been developed and found that cost sensitive classifier produces better results. The system has been evaluated on fingerprint database and the experimental result shows that system produces a verification rate of 96%. This system plays an important role in forensic and civilian applications.

Sep 30

Promotion Processing Management System

Promotion Processing Management System

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

The Civil Service is the administrative bureaucracy which occupies an essential position in the political system of nations. Throughout the world, the contributions of Civil Service in promoting sustainable and equitable economic growth are receiving increasing attention. Efficient and effective management of the Civil Service are critical to sustainable socio-economic development of a nation. Civil service in Nigeria comprises workers in the various ministries or departments apart from those who hold political appointments. Civil Service reform on the other hand refers to the purposeful modification of governmental human resource management system with the goal of maximizing important administrative values.

Civil Service is the body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial. Civil Service refers to employees selected and promoted on the basis of a merit and seniority system, which may include examination. The Civil Service consists of people employed by the state to run the public service of a country. The civil service is a term used to cover these civil servants who are direct employees of the federal and state governments, other than the police, the armed forces personnel, tile judicial personnel and the teachers. Its usage excludes also employees of statutory corporations and boards. The civil service comprises all servants of the state, other than those holding political appointments, who are employed in a civil capacity and whose remuneration is paid out of (money voted by the legislature. Civil service can also be seen as the body of permanent officials appointed to assist the political executive in formulating and implementing governmental policies. Workers in the civil service are usually promoted from level to level.

Promotion in the civil service usually takes time to process. To effectively manage promotion in the civil service, there is need to automate the process to eliminate bottlenecks.

Statement of the Problem

The past civil service administration system in Nigeria was characterized by bureaucratic bottlenecks. This was tied to the following reasons:

The manual way of recording and processing flat files, one after the other and it takes a whole lot of time to process a single file.

At many times, there is evidence of staff qualified for promotion not getting promoted for many years. One of the reasons for this can be attributed to the method of processing promotion.

Files easily get missed or misplaced.

There is therefore need for an automated system that will manage the promotion records of staff of the civil service commission.

Aim and Objectives of the Study

The aim, of the study is to develop a software that would help in promotion processing management system. The following are the objectives of the study:

To build a database system for civil service promotion records.

To develop a system that determines eligibility for promotion

To aid the presentation of promotion reports when needed.

Significance of the Study

The research would be significant in the following ways:

It will provide a better way of processing and managing promotion records.

It will reduce the time involved in processing promotions and move forward the activities of the civil service.

It will also serve as a useful reference material to other researchers

Scope of the Study

This research work covers promotion processing management system, a case study of Akwa Ibom Civil Service. It checks if a civil servant is eligible for promotion based on the number of years in post, present grade level and performance rating.

Organization of the Research

This research work is organized into five chapters. Chapter one is concerned with the introduction of the research study and it presents the preliminaries, theoretical background, statement of the problem, aim and objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, organization of the research and definition of terms.

Chapter two focuses on the literature review, the contributions of other scholars on the subject matter is discussed.

Chapter three is concerned with the system analysis and design. It analyzes the present system to identify the problems and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed system. The system design is also presented in this chapter.

Chapter four presents the system implementation and documentation. The choice of programming language, analysis of modules, choice of programming language and system requirements for implementation.

Chapter five focuses on the summary, conclusion and recommendations are provided in this chapter based on the study carried out.

Definition of Terms

  • Civil Service: The body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial.
  • Economic Stability: The situation of a nation to be strong economically.
  • Civil Servant: An employee in a government department.
  • Promotion: An advancement to a more senior job or a higher rank, grade, or position
  • System: the combination of related parts working together to achieve a particular goal.