Month: February 2022

The role of African states in the fight against Russia invasion of Ukraine

While the majority of attention has been focused on the crisis’s implications on transatlantic relations and NATO unity, it also acts as a critical litmus test for conceptions of African solidarity and regionalism in general. The African Union (AU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the Southern African Development Community (SADC), all of which were established to represent this solidarity, have been undermined in recent months by disagreements among heads of state over how to address the recent wave of coups in the Sahel and the rising insurgency across the continent. At large demonstrations in Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, Guinea, and Mali, the Russian flag was prominently displayed, and military commanders invited Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group to confront terrorists.

On the other hand, the AU’s own Constitutive Act of 2002 advocates the inviolability of borders and the principle of territorial integrity. The European Union demanded an immediate ceasefire following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Thursday. According to Kenya’s ambassador to the United Nations in February 2022, an invasion by Russia would imperil Ukraine’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. The Ghanaian ambassador described Russia’s move to recognize eastern Ukraine and withdraw from the Minsk agreements as “disappointing.”

Africa’s leaders have been compelled to find a means to retain a semblance of stability in the face of adversity. South Africa’s BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) grouping of middle-income countries has confounded EU and Ukrainian diplomats for weeks, despite their acknowledgement of the country’s unique relationship with Russia. When Russian forces entered South Africa on Thursday, the South African government took action and requested their withdrawal. It is noteworthy that the Nigerian government did not condemn the invasion or call for a cessation of hostilities.

Numerous African nations are becoming increasingly interested in extending their trade and investment potential through links with both the Western and Asian hemispheres. Russia has exerted both security and economic influence on the continent in recent years. China, a prominent participant in the region, has invested about $3 billion in 2021 alone, and appears to have given the invasion implicit assent. It seems improbable that we will return to the Cold War era, when African leaders were required to pledge allegiance to a foreign power. The critical question now is how African governments will maintain ties with their diverse range of external partners — and with one another — as the geopolitical landscape substantially changes in the aftermath of Ukraine’s outright invasion and violation of international law.

On February 24, Russia invaded Ukraine, casting a long shadow across Africa, as it did throughout the rest of the world. Despite their physical separation, Ukraine and Africa have strong ties, with over 8,000 Moroccans and 4,000 Nigerians studying in Ukraine and Ukraine sending more than $4 billion to Africa.

While some African countries may benefit from a shift in global markets away from Russia as a result of the crisis, the immediate economic consequences are troubling, and the implications for pan-African solidarity and commitment to multilateralism are becoming increasingly doubtful.

BENEFITS FOR NATURAL RESOURCES EXPORTERS

Numerous countries view the crisis as an opportunity for long-term growth. Natural gas from Africa, in particular, has the potential to significantly reduce Europe’s dependency on Russian energy. Tanzania’s president, Samia Suluhu Hassan, claimed in a mid-February interview on the sidelines of the European Union (EU)-African Union (AU) summit that growing interest in the country’s gas reserves, which rank sixth in Africa, is generating more interest in the country’s gas reserves. In 2019, her nationalist predecessor, late President John Magufuli, suspended negotiations with natural gas investors in order to review the country’s production sharing agreement system. Hassan, on the other hand, supports a more business-friendly strategy and has reopened negotiations with energy firms in the hope of securing $30 billion in foreign investment to recommence development of offshore liquefied natural gas projects in 2023.

Several other countries, like Senegal, may gain similarly from Europe’s energy diversification, including the country, which discovered 40 trillion cubic feet of natural gas between 2014 and 2017 and is scheduled to begin production later this year. Nigeria, which already supplies liquefied natural gas (LNG) to a number of European countries, is also establishing the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline with Niger and Algeria to boost natural gas exports to European markets. On February 16, the three countries signed a deal to construct the pipeline, which is projected to cost $13 billion. Europe is poised to become a major financier, bolstered by the EU’s contentious decision to categorize natural gas investments as “green” energy in early February.

Apart from natural gas, new sanctions against Russia could benefit other natural resource producers in the region. South Africa, for example, is the world’s second largest producer of palladium—a critical component of automobiles and electronics—and hence may benefit from higher demand as a result of Russia’s international sanctions. Similarly, because South Africa is a big exporter of gold, the rand has strengthened as global gold prices have increased.

VULNERABILITY OF HOUSEHOLDS TO THE IMPACTS OF FUEL, FERTILIZER, AND FOOD

Regardless of these possibilities, the invasion of Ukraine could have a short-term negative impact on African homes, agriculture, and food security. Globally rising oil prices – a result of Europe’s crisis — will have a direct influence on transportation costs. Indeed, South Africa’s motor association believes that March would see the highest gasoline prices in the country’s history. In Zambia, which agreed to eliminate fuel subsidies in order to comply with post-pandemic debt negotiations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), rising costs would make such reforms much less popular than they were already. To the IMF’s consternation, Nigeria already backed away from plans to withdraw fuel subsidies last month in response to labor union and opposition party protests.

The manufacture of fertilizer, which is often a crucial component for a thriving agricultural industry, is similarly affected by rising energy costs. Urea and phosphate, two essential fertilizer ingredients, are expected to rise by 30 percent and 4 percent, respectively, by the end of 2021. The price of fertilizer will rise as a result of these increases plus China and Russia’s ban on exports of fertilizer until at least June 2022. Following the Abuja fertilizer summit in 2006 and the food price crisis of 2008/2009, various countries introduced fertilizer subsidy programs to help farmers cope with Africa’s low natural soil fertility. Nevertheless, the already tenuous fiscal headroom that many African governments are negotiating in the wake of COVID-19 will be eroded by continuing price hikes. Food prices will rise as well as the cost of fertilizer rises.

Wheat imports from Russia and Ukraine are another pressing challenge for many African countries. More over a third of the world’s wheat exports come from these two countries. Russia’s threat to shut down Ukrainian Black Sea ports, preventing the country from exporting the remainder of last season’s wheat harvest, has alarmed investors and market analysts. Since the Russian invasion began, Ukraine’s most rich agricultural land has been concentrated in the country’s east. As a result, some experts have warned that Russia may impose export duties on its wheat if the conflict persists. A 25 percent increase in wheat prices occurred within two months after Russia annexed Crimea. All major wheat exporters have reported price increases in the last month as a result of persistent geopolitical concerns.

According to Ukraine’s 2020-2021 agricultural season wheat exports, Africa (north and south of the Sahara) accounted for 36 percent of Ukraine’s total wheat exports. Food costs in Kenya, which rely heavily on wheat imported from Ukraine and Russia, have risen sharply in recent weeks, causing outcry on social media. East African wheat importers confront unpredictable social and political conditions, which could be worsened further by rising food prices in the region. In the past few years, Russia has overtaken Australia as Sudan’s leading wheat importer, for instance. A protesters-led embargo on supplies from Port Sudan in October 2021 has already resulted in wheat and wheat flour retail prices that are on average 100 to 200 percent higher than the previous year. Wheat prices will heighten public discontent and protests in Khartoum over the October 2021 military coup in a country where politics is intrinsically tied to the price of bread. Wheat now accounts for 14 percent of Ethiopia’s total calorie intake and the country relies on imports to supply 25 percent of its domestic demand as a result of Ethiopia’s shifting diet. As a result of Ethiopia’s civil turmoil, Ukraine is Ethiopia’s second-largest supplier of wheat and wheat flour, after the United States—and a Russian invasion would exacerbate already severe food insecurity levels.

If you’re a student preparing for a dissertation or thesis, it’s normal to think of your research project as the foundation for that endeavor. Students’ ability to work independently and critically is assessed, and their completion of the course is determined, by their research project.

For reference, a research project pdf is a thesis that has been authored and saved as a Portable Document Format (pdf).

To assist you prepare for your first research project as a potential postgraduate student, we’ve developed a list of the most crucial things you need to know. Below are examples of research project pdf

Final year students term papers and projects

• the effects of poor funding of schools in the teaching and learning of physical and health education in primary school
• the effect of covid-19 on the academic performance of secondary school student
• factors influencing effective and efficient school administration in some selected schools in Nigeria
• time series analysis and forecasting project topics and materials
• new project topics and materials on current issues
• 2021 best free education project topics and materials pdf
• 2021 best free accounting project topics pdf
• influence of social media on secondary school students’ academic performance
• effects of broken homes on the academic performance of secondary school students
• an archaeological reconnaissance
• stakeholders are essential in health and social care regarding quality; discuss analysing the role of external agencies in setting standards
• time series analysis on monthly consumption of water supply
• the post covid-19 pandemic effect on the academic performance of students in some selected secondary school
• functions of lagos state traffic management authority (lastma)
• credit management and the incidence of bad debt in Nigeria money-deposit banks
• strategies for utilization of instructional materials for effective learning in secondary school
• problems facing  lagos state traffic management authority in the enforcement of traffic laws on the highway
• taxation and its effect on the Nigerian economy
• self esteem and social acceptance as predicting factors of social adjustment of students with hearing impairment
• objectives of junior secondary school program and implementation of school curriculum in Nigeria
• the effect of asuu and asup strike action on the academic performance of students in Nigeria
• assessment of police brutality and human right abuses in Nigeria. a study of endsars protest
• socio-economic impact of enaira in the development of Nigeria
• assessment of factors responsible for budget failure in Nigeria.

Final Notes:

The research project topics displayed above, anyone been picked by student will be sent as pdf file

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to elucidate why the housing finance system has remained inert and inefficient in the battle to expand housing supply. Secondary data were acquired for this study from published literature on books, journals, and the housing finance sector. The Housing Policy paved the way for an understanding of how the market operates. The historical check list technique explained the reasons for the failure of current practice. The purpose of this study is to examine the current state of the Nigerian housing sector, including the housing stock, to assess housing shortage and affordable housing policies in the Nigerian housing market, to make some significant recommendations for improving housing affordability in Nigeria, and to provide insight into financing options for housing construction in Nigeria, given the existing financial structures and regulatory framework. The conclusion is that we cannot just copy models from other countries but must design models that operate within our sociocultural environment. In this regard, recommendations are made that are inert and irrelevant to the housing supply drive.

Introduction

Every country’s largest economic asset is housing, which has long been acknowledged as one of the most basic human needs. Community stability and social inclusion can only be achieved with adequate housing (Oladapo, 2006). Gilbertson. (2008) found a strong link between a person’s living environment and their bodily and psychological well-being. Since the right to shelter is a fundamental human right, it should be a characteristic of every civilized society and a measure of how far it has progressed.
However, one of the most persistent problems facing human and national development in Nigeria and other developing countries is the supply of suitable housing. All players, including government agencies and planners and developers have failed to come up with a formula for fixing the housing problem.

Finance is also a critical component of home development and has been referred to as the “lifeline” of real estate development. Adequate housing financing, according to Tibaijuka (2002) and Akinmoladun and Oluwoye (2007), is the foundation of any successful and long-lasting shelter project in developing countries like Nigeria, where quality and quantity of housing are woefully lacking. However, despite the importance of effective access to housing financing, potential homeowners in developing economies are finding it increasingly difficult to obtain it. It is common for people who prioritize homeownership to forego other domestic expenditures in order to achieve their goal. Personal income and savings, as well as the support of local cooperative societies, account for 60% of all new construction in Nigeria (National Bureau of Statistics NBS, 2012). Only 38% of North Central Nigerian households have formal bank accounts, according to the NBS’ 2012 Living Standard Measurement Survey (LSMS), and only 4% of those families use formal credit for home improvements, according to the national average. DMBs, micro-finance institutions (MFIs) and primary mortgage lenders all have formal credit lines (PMIs). Formal banking institutions appear to be the least reliable source of loans for prospective home builders in this instance. Studies have shown that formal financial institutions’ strict and burdensome lending practices have had an impact on the choice of financing options for homebuyers, shifting their preferences toward other informal sources of house financing (Ojo, 2005; Ndibe and Kuma, 2010).

Statement of the Problem

A number of empirical research on housing finance issues, notably in Nigeria, have yielded similar results that center around income/wage levels and the lending practices of formal financial institutions. To give just one example, Dung-Gwom and Mallo (2011) examine the difficulties that low-income families in Nigeria’s Plateau State face when trying to obtain a mortgage loan. In their examination into the availability of finances for private real estate developers in Abuja, Nigeria, Kabir and Ikem (2013) used a two-pronged method. First, it examines the variables that limit the availability of funds, and second, it examines the barriers to obtaining the funds. the three most major impediments to successful access to home finance were found to be high funding costs, construction costs, and challenges in securing statutory land titles

Student’s original research in Zoology is summarized in a written report and oral presentation, which is conducted under the supervision of a Zoology faculty advisor and the thesis committee. A project will require more time and effort than Zoology Problems .

Successful completion of a thesis should demonstrate a student’s capacity for creative thought and eloquent writing, as well as boost the likelihood of admittance to graduate school, professional school, or certain sorts of direct job. A student can obtain valuable experience designing, conducting, analyzing, and reporting research by completing a Zoology thesis.
Faculty members should be approached by students who are considering writing a thesis for guidance on possible topics (see a list of faculty and their research interests on page 6). A thesis proposal will be developed in collaboration with a faculty advisor after the student has chosen a topic of interest to him or her. This proposal will be considered by a thesis committee consisting of two or three academic members from the Department of Zoology or other appropriately qualified individuals. The student will meet with his or her faculty advisor as often as necessary during the research and writing stages of the thesis after it has been authorized.

At the conclusion of the program, the student will submit a final draft of his or her thesis to the thesis committee for consideration and assessment. Acceptance of the thesis will be judged by the clarity and originality of the concept, the quality of the research effort, and the presentation and interpretation of the findings of the research. The review process will take into account grammar, spelling, and writing style. In addition to presenting the findings orally to the Zoology Club, AED, or other relevant group, the student should also present the findings verbally in a professional meeting. The research and written report will be the primary determinants of the grade, with the oral presentation receiving the highest weight.

Free zoology project topics

• the aspect of the biology of periophthalmus barbarus mudskipper, from uta-ewa estuaries in ikot abasi l.g.a., akwa ibom state, nigeria
• physico-chemical parameter of ekpene ukpa river
• food and feeding habits of silver catfish chrysicthys nigrodigitatus in qua iboe river estuary
• phytoplankton composition in ekpene ukpa etinan local government area, akwa ibom state
• time-restricted inquiry-based learning promotes active student engagement in undergraduate zoology laboratory
• application of accelerators in research and industry: proceedings of the fourteenth international conference. proceedings
• a new perspective on teamwork in teaching: a report on german lectures in the biological sciences.
• on tapir ecology, evolution and conservation: what we know and future perspectives-part i.
• weak correlation between circulation and citation numbers suggests that both data points should be considered when deselecting print monographs
• university extension and informal education: useful tools for bottom-up ocean and coastal literacy of primary school children in brazil
• weak correlation between circulation and citation numbers suggests that both data points should be considered when deselecting print monographs
• the effect of science, technology, engineering and mathematics (stem) project based learning (pbl) on students’ achievement in four mathematics topics
• topics and topical phases in german social media communication during a disaster*
• a systematic review of the experiences of vulnerable people participating in research on sensitive topics.
• formation of project competence of future environmentalists
• holistic approach to transformational and transactional project leadership styles: literature review 2016–2019
• topfilter: an approach to recommend relevant github topics
• integration of project activity to enhance the scientific process skill and self-efficacy in zoology of vertebrate teaching and learning
• zoology 3d: creating a digital collection of specimens from the d′arcy thompson zoology museum
• handling preferences in student-project allocation
• contributions to zoology, the journal – diversity in research topics and changes over the last 27 years
• key factors of sustainability in project management context: a survey exploring the project managers’ perspective
• classifying topics and detecting topic shifts in political manifestos
• modeling the evolution of development topics using dynamic topic models
• professor ernst bresslau, founder of the zoology departments at the universities of cologne and sao paulo: lessons to learn from his life history.
• the service learning projects: stakeholder benefits and potential class topics
• the expectations of project managers from artificial intelligence: a delphi study
• producing salience or keeping silence? an exploration of topics and non-topics of special eurobarometers
• the evolution of project management practice. from programm es and contrac ts to benefits and change
• [”r”–project for statistical computing].
• topic modeling of everyday sexism project entries
• the implementation of saw and borda method to determine the eligibility of students’ final project topic
• review of scientific topics for the millimetron space observatory
• managerial competence and training needs of poultry farmers
• using hybrid methods and ‘core documents’ for the representation of clusters and topics: the astronomy datasetv
• 15 defaults and workouts: restructuring project financings
• what is a project-based stem environment?
• bringing lgbtq topics into the social studies classroom
• tracing teams, texts, and topics: applying social network analysis to understand archaeological knowledge production at çatalhöyük
• communicating and smart objects: multidisciplinary topics for the innovative education in microelectronics and its applications
• review of scientific topics for millimetron space observatory
• emergent trends and passing fads in project management research: a scientometric analysis of changes in the field
• the development of the older persons and informal caregivers survey minimum dataset (topics-mds): a large-scale data sharing initiative
• training evidence-based veterinary medicine by collaborative development of critically appraised topics.
• mapping the research trends by co-word analysis based on keywords from funded project
• teaching key topics in computer science and information systems through a web search engine project
• topics in quaternion linear algebra
• invertebrate film festival: science, creativity, and flexibility in a virtual teaching environment
• evolutionary computation in zoology and ecologyevolutionary computation in zoology and ecology
• the trembley effect or the birth of marine zoology.
• a study on the efficacy of project-based learning approach on social studies education: conceptual achievement and academic motivation