INTRODUCTION

Without water survival is impossible. Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth. As water is very precious and due to the scarcity of drinking water in day to day life one has to take care of every drop. A water tank is used to store water for daily requirements like drinking, washing etc. An elevated water tank is a large water storage container constructed for the purpose of holding water supply at certain height to provide sufficient pressure in the water distribution system. Liquid storage tanks are used extensively used by municipalities and industries for storing water, inflammable liquids and other chemicals. These tanks have various types of support structures like RC braced frame, steel frame, RC shaft, and even masonry pedestal. The most commonly used staging in practice is the frame type. The main components of this type of staging are columns and braces. The staging acts like a bridge between the overhead container and foundation to transfer loads acting on the tank. Thus Water tanks are very important for public utility and for industrial structure and also to withstand more design forces. The frame support of the ELSR should have adequate strength to resist axial loads, moment and shear force due to lateral loads. These forces depend upon total weight of the structure, which varies with the amount of water present in the tank container.

 

 

• TYPES OF WATER TANKS

 

The water tanks are majorly classified into water tank resting on ground, under the ground and the water tank about the ground. Based on the shape, water tanks are majorly circular rectangular and triangular shape. Elevated tanks are supported on staging which may consist of masonry walls, R.C.C. tower or R.C.C. columns braced together. The walls are subjected to water pressure. The base has to carry the load of water and tank load. The staging has to carry load of water and tank. The staging is also designed for wind forces. From design point of view the tanks may be classified as per their shape- rectangular tanks, circular tanks, intz type tanks. Spherical tanks conical bottom tanks and suspended bottom tanks. A circular shaped ELSR is adopted in this project for AITS College, Boyanpalli, Rajampeta, in Kadapa district in Andrapradesh

 

Design and construction of automatic plant irrigation system that sense soil moisture using microcontroller

CHAPTER ONE/Introduction

Background of the Study

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re vegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. When a zone comes on, the water flows through the lateral lines and ultimately ends up at the irrigation emitter (drip) or sprinkler heads. Many sprinklers have pipe thread inlets on the bottom of them which allows a fitting and the pipe to be attached to them. The sprinklers are usually installed with the top of the head flush with the ground surface. When the water is pressurized, the head will pop up out of the ground and water the desired area until the valve closes and shuts off that zone. Once there is no more water pressure in the lateral line, the sprinkler head will retract back into the ground. Emitters are generally laid on the soil surface or buried a few inches to reduce evaporation losses.

Water is a resource that all living species need. It is therefore very precious and has to be used with moderation to be preserved for the generations to come. Agriculture is an industry that uses a lot of water. Most of the time, this resource is not used efficiently and substantial amounts of water are wasted. In the near future, these wastes will represent a large sum of money. The ones who manage this resource efficiently will be winning time and money.

In this project report, an automated irrigation system is suggested to minimize the water input and human intervention, while satisfying the plants needs. First, the details of the problem are summarized. The objective and the scope of the project are described. Some general approaches to the design are reviewed. The results and conclusions of an experiment to determine the required amounts of water are discussed.  Then, the suggested design is explained in detail with the purpose, requirements and constraints, simulation and test results for each of its parts. A brief cost analysis is performed to estimate the viability of such a project on the market. Finally, the design is criticized, and suggestions are made for future improvements.

An automatic irrigation system does the operation of a system without requiring manual involvement of persons. Every irrigation system such as drip, sprinkler and surface gets automated with the help of electronic appliances and detectors such as computer, timers, sensors and other mechanical devices.

Healthy plants can transpire a lot of water, resulting in an increase in the humidity of the greenhouse air. A high relative humidity (above 80-85%) should be avoided because it can increase the incidence of disease and reduce plant transpiration. Sufficient venting or successive heating and venting can prevent condensation on plants surfaces and the greenhouse structure. The use of cooling systems during the warmer summer months increases the greenhouse air humidity. During periods with warm and humid outdoor conditions, humidity control inside the greenhouse can be a challenge. Greenhouses located in dry, dessert environments benefit greatly from evaporative cooling systems because large amounts of water can be evaporated into the incoming air, resulting in significant temperature drops.

 

Since the relative humidity alone does not tell us anything about the absolute water holding capacity of air, a different measurement is sometime used to describe the absolute moisture status of the soil. The vapor pressure deficit is a measure of the difference between the amount of moisture the air contains at a given moment and the amount of moisture it can hold at that temperature when the air would be saturated. Pressure deficit measurement can tell us how easy it is for plants to transpire: higher values stimulate transpiration (but too high can cause wilting), and lower values inhibit transpiration and can lead to condensation on leaf and surfaces.

 Types of Irrigatio

Ditch Irrigation

Ditch Irrigation is a rather traditional method, where ditches are dug out and seedlings are planted in rows. Siphon tubes are used to move the water from the main ditch to the canals.

Terraced Irrigation

This is a very labor-intensive method of irrigation where the land is cut into steps and supported by retaining walls. . The flat areas are used for planting and the idea is that the water flows down each step watering each plot. This allows steep land to be used for planting crops.

Drip Irrigation

This is known as the most water efficient method of irrigation. Water drops right near the root zone of a plant in a drip- ping motion. If the system is installed properly you can steadily reduce the loss of water through evaporation and runoff.

Sprinkler System

This is an irrigation system based on overhead sprinklers, sprays or guns, installed on permanent risers. You can also have the system buried underground and the sprinklers rise up when water pressure rises, which is a popular irrigation system for use on golf courses and parks.

Rotary Systems

This method of irrigation is best suited for larger areas, for the sprinklers can reach distances of up to 100 feet. The word “Rotary” is indicative of the mechanical driven sprinklers moving in a circular motion, hence reaching greater distances. This system waters a larger area with small amounts of water over a long period of time.

Statement of the Problem

Irrigation of plants is usually a very time-consuming activity; to be done in a reasonable amount of time, it requires a large amount of human resources. Traditionally, all the steps were executed by humans.  Nowadays, some systems use technology to reduce the number of workers or the time required to water the plants. With such systems, the control is very limited, and many resources are still wasted.

Water is one of these resources that are used excessively. Mass irrigation is one method used to water the plant. This method represents massive losses since the amount of water given is in excess of the plants needs. The excess water is evacuated by the holes of the pots in greenhouses, or it percolates through the soil in the fields.

The contemporary perception of water is that of a free, renewable resource that can be used in abundance. However, this is not reality; in many parts of North America, water consumption is taxed. It is therefore reasonable to assume that it will soon become a very expensive resource everywhere.

In addition to the excess cost of water, labour is becoming more and more expensive. As a result, if no effort is invested in optimizing these resources, there will be more money involved in the same process. Technology is probably a solution to reduce costs and prevent loss of resources.

Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is to build an automatic plant irrigation system that sense soil moisture using microcontroller.

The following are objectives of the studies:

• To reduce human interference and ensure proper irrigation
• To minimize water loss and to maximize the efficiency of water used
• To prevent over labour of the pumping machine and prevent it from getting bad or burned

The following aspects were considered in the choice of a design solution:

1. Installation costs;
2. Water savings;

• Human intervention;

1. Reliability;
2. Power consumption;
3. Maintenance;

• Expandability.

A  critical  consideration  is  the installation  costs,  since costs  generally determine  the feasibility  and  viability  of  a  project.  The installation must be simple enough for a domestic user. The water savings was also an important aspect, since there is a demand to minimize water loss and to maximize the efficiency of water used. Since the objective is to minimize the cost of labour, minimal supervision and calibration must be needed. The system must operate with optimized consistency. The power consumption must also be monitored. For maintenance, the replacement parts must be readily available and easy to install in the case of failure. Finally, the possibility for implementing the system at a larger scale (e.g. in greenhouses) should be investigated.

Justification of the Work

The increasing world population has lead to exponential increase in food demand. This event has necessitated the need for more land to be cultivated. Due to change of weather patterns brought about by global warming, irrigation remains as the only reliable method of crops production. With more and more land now being under irrigation there is a need for optimal use of water.

Over the last few years knowledge in electronics and computation has been used to solve present day challenges. In the forefront of the electronics revolution has been the microcontroller. The microcontroller has been used together with various sensors to measure and control physical quantities like temperature, humidity, heat and light. By controlling these physical quantities using the microcontroller; automatic systems have been achieved.

Irrigation systems in crop production can and has also been automated. This solves the challenge brought about by the unreliability of climate changes thus need for water optimization. Automation of the soil moisture sensor irrigation systems is one of the most convenient, efficient and effective method of water optimization. The systems helps in saving water and thus more land can be brought under irrigation. Crops grown under controlled conditions tend to be healthier and thus give more yields. Controlled watering system results in reduction of fertilizer use and thus fertilizer costs go down.

Scope of the Study

This project involves the evolution of watering manually to watering automatically. The  controlling  of  the  automatic  watering  system  is  use  in  a house, institution or any organization with flowers planted for decoration.  Sensor used to control the watering system is soil moisture sensor.  Other than that, this system should also monitor the water level.

Significance of the Study

The continuous increasing demand of food requires the rapid improvement in food production technology. In a country like Nigeria, where the economy is mainly based on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. The continuous extraction of water from earth is reducing the water level due to which lot of land is coming slowly in the zones of un-irrigated land. Another very important reason of this is due to unplanned use of water due to which a significant amount of water goes to waste. This problem can be rectified if we use microcontroller based automated irrigation system in which the irrigation will take place only when there will be acute requirement of water.

Advantages of the System

1. Saves water – Studies show that drip irrigation systems use 30 – 50% less water than conventional watering methods, such as sprinklers.
2. Improves growth – Smaller amounts of water applied over a longer amount of time provide ideal growing conditions. Drip irrigation extends watering times for plants, and prevents soil erosion and nutrient runoff. Also, because the flow is continuous, water penetrates deeply into the soil to get well down into the root zone.

• Discourages weeds – Water is only delivered where it’s needed.

1. Saves time – Setting and moving sprinklers are not required. A timer delay as per environment can be added to the system for automatic watering.
2. Helps control fungal diseases, which grow quickly under moist conditions. Also, wet foliage can spread disease.
3. Adaptable – A drip irrigation system can be modified easily to adjust to the changing needs of a garden or lawn.

• Simplest Method – Start by drawing a map of your garden and yard, showing the location of plantings. Measure the distances required for lengths of hose or plastic tubing to reach the desired areas.

Others Advantages

• Highly sensitive
• Works according to the soil condition
• Fit and Forget system
• Low cost and reliable circuit
• Complete elimination of manpower
• Can handle heavy loads up to 7A
• System can be switched into manual mode whenever required

Area of Application

• Roof Gardens
• Lawns
• Agriculture Lands
• Home Gardens

Motivation

The increasing demand of the food supplies requires a rapid improvement in food production technology. In many countries where agriculture plays an important part in shaping up the economy and the climatic conditions are isotropic, but still we are not able to make full use of agricultural resources. One of the main reasons is the lack of rains & scarcity of land reservoir water. Extraction of water at regular intervals from earth is reducing the water level as a result of which the zones of un-irrigated land are gradually increasing.

Also, the unplanned use of water inadvertently results in wastage of water. In an Automated Irrigation System using ATMega328, the most significant advantage is that water is supplied only when the moisture in soil goes below a pre-set threshold value. This saves us a lot of water. In recent times, the farmers have been using irrigation technique through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at regular intervals by turning the water-pump on/off when required. This process sometimes consumes more water and sometimes the water supply to the land is delayed due to which the crops dry out. Water deficiency deteriorates plants growth before visible wilting occurs. In addition to this slowed growth rate, lighter weight fruit follows water deficiency.

This problem can be perfectly rectified if we use Automated Irrigation System in which the irrigation will take place only when there will be intense requirement of water, as suggested by the moisture in the soil.

 

 

Thesis Outline

This study comprises of five different chapters arranged sequentially. Chapter one gives a brief history of the various forms of locks and their technological advancements. Chapter two explains the operating principles of the various stages involved in the digital combination lock using microcontroller. In chapter three, the design and implementation of the whole project work is discussed fully. Chapter four presents the results and discussions drawn from tests performed on the system, while lastly; Chapter gives a conclusion and recommendation on the entire work

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMPUS WIDE WIRELESS NETWORK

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     BACKGROUND:

 

Wireless networks have significantly impacted the world, since their initial deployment. Wireless networks have continued to develop and their uses have significantly grown. Cellular phones are nowadays part of huge wireless network systems and people use mobile phones on a daily basis in order to communicate with each other and exchange information. Recently, wireless networks have been used for positioning as well, in order to enable the provision of location oriented services to the end-user. Different types of measurements available during standard network and terminal operation, mainly for resource management and synchronization purposes, can be employed to derive the user’s location. With these numerous uses of wireless network, this project will focus on resources sharing dedicated network. A professor at the University of Hawaii, Norman Abramson developed the world’s first wireless computer communication network, ALOHAnet (operational in 1971), using low-cost ham-like radios. The system included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines. WLAN hardware initially cost so much

 

that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry- specific solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by standards, primarily the various versions of IEEE

802.11 (in products using the Wi-Fi brand name). An alternative ATM-like 5 GHz standardized technology, HiperLAN/2, has so far not succeeded in the market, and with the release of the faster 54 Mbit/s 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) standards, it is even more unlikely that it will ever succeed. In 2009 802.11n was added to 802.11. It operates in both the

2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands at a maximum data transfer rate of 600 Mbit/s.

 

Most  new   routers  are  able  to  utilize  both  wireless  bands,  known   as dualband.   This  allows  data  communications  to  avoid   the  crowded

2.4 GHz    band,    which    is    also    shared    with Bluetooth devices    and microwave ovens. The 5 GHz band is also wider than the 2.4 GHz band, with more channels, which permits a greater number of devices to share the space. Not all channels are available in all regions.

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some  wireless  distribution  method  (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an access point to the wider Internet. This gives users the ability to move around within a

 

local coverage area and still be connected to the network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE  802.11 standards,  marketed  under  the Wi-  Fi brand name. Wireless LANs have become popular in the home due to ease of installation, and in commercial complexes offering wireless access to their customers; often for free. New York City, for instance, has begun a pilot program to provide city workers in all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet access. Likewise, Muritala International Airport, Lagos has free wireless internet access for passenger travelling.

           STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

 

Most of us have become accustomed to the limitations that come with a wired network. When we want to check our email or print a report we find ourselves confined to a certain location or cramped space. In the past few years, the growing popularity of wireless communication has caught the attention of corporate, manufacturing, and academic settings. Wireless network technology has proven it can deliver the benefits of a wired network with the added benefit of computing freedom and share resources.

           MOTIVATION

 

There is existing LAN connection but there are some features its lacking which inspired me to implement this project. There is no share

 

printer/resource; no   dedicated network  irregularities  etc.,   upon completion of this project, all of these drawbacks would be taken care of.

Modeling transport and infiltration of pollutants concentration from septic tank on groundwater

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

ABSTRACT

This work is aimed at the design and construction of an AVR for a 500KVA generator, with particular reference to Flicker/Stability control. The versatile, Regulating properties of the Thyristor (SCR) is utilized here as the principal controller. The Transistor–Transistor circuitry is configured here as the logic differential comparator amplifier. It forms the basis for the main comparator amplifier, Pedestal and ramp, level detector circuit and synchronising circuit respectively. A viable stability and SCR gate conditioning circuits are also developed in the design. The sensing resistors take some amount of generator output voltage and attenuate it. The comparator compares the Sensing voltage to the Reference voltage and amplifies the difference (Error) to provide a controlling logic signal for the power output device via the pulse transformer. Based on the dynamic mode of the circuitry, a determined logic output level triggers the SCR. It synchronises the Pedestal and Ramp circuit to the generator waveform and infinitely control the conduction period of the output device over each half cycle (phase control), and hence supply the exciter with adequate power to maintain the generator voltage within specified limits. The systems control and transfer functions are develop here for system utmost control in the closed loop domain. A more sensitive AVR is thus achieved which takes care of Flicker/stability phenomena with a +/- 1% Regulation of the Generator rated output terminal voltage with respect to load and generator inherent properties. The device was constructed at a cost of N31,500

INTRODUCTION

Ever since the existence of man on earth; from early times, the medieval, renaissance and the ever innovative world of science and technology today, man has always yearned for better and innovative ways of aiding and reinforcing his existence on earth. Consequent upon man’s yearnings, electricity was discovered by Michael Faraday in his early experimental works that span through 1800-1860 Hall (1988), Sigvard (1979). In the wake of the discovery of electricity, the challenges faced by engineers have been that of generating, transmitting and distributing regulated electric power for the dare need of electrical equipment and appliances.

The Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a close-loop electronic Regulator circuitry that interfaces the stator and exciter windings of especially brushless generators. It regulates the terminal output voltage of the Generator to a specified rated output level, inspite of varying load conditions and varying inherent conditions and losses of the alternator Say (1976), Lawrence (1921), .

This unit automatically constrains the output voltage to about 100% regulation of the rated terminal voltage of the Generator Franklin et al (2005).

The need for a viable and affordable close-loop electronic control interface to control and stabilize the terminal voltage , devoid of Transient and Flicker phenomenon eminent in varying load conditions and alternator constituents varying condition is the thrust of this Research.

The Research in a more succinct and pragmatic approach considers the inherent challenges faced by power systems engineers in the design and construction of AVR in the magnitude of 500KVA as evident in the nature of some brand of AVR’s in the power market. All these challenges are studied and evaluated in this Research to make amend and innovation in designing and constructing a viable 500KVA AVR with special reference to Transient/Flicker stability control.

The motivating drive in steering the course of this research is consequent upon the statement of the problem evident in foreign AVR’S in especially the third world power systems market. Epileptic and lack of appropriate power infrastructures in the third world as growing nations have made the use of power generators a geometric progression phenomenon.

Some of the AVR’S are sold at exorbitant costs and lack the design properties that would fulfill a close- loop control criteria in constraining transient/flicker conditions in the generator exciter. When these generators have faults in their AVR’S, some of these AVR’S are not easily adoptable to these generators. The disparity in adaptation is due to unstable magnetic flux and current demands in the exciter armature windings of some generators John (1989).

REFERENCES

Aki, B. (1989), Modeling and Research, Canada, Akins pp. 20 –150.

Benjamin C. Kuo, Farid Golnaraghi (2006), Automatic Control Systems, 8th Edition, Singapore, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd.

Charles, S. (1990), Engineers Hand Book, New Island, Tech. Consult, p. 8, pp. 100 – 180

Edith, J. and Jane, B. (eds), (1980), Statement of Finance for Engineers, Lagos Act. pp. 20-86

Elton K. (1990), Design Strategies, London, ACM, pp 200 – 210.

Gene Franklin et al (2005), Feedback Control Systems – 5th ed, Indiana Polis, Prentice Hall.
Hall S. S. (1988), Investors and Discoveries: The Age of Electricity, New York National geographic Society

IEEE Transactions, Pas 87, No. 6, June, 1968.

John, W. (1989), Power Electronics, USA, ATP, pp. 10-50.

NSE– (1990) “PROJECTS AND RESEARCH”

Lawrence Ralf R. (1921), Principles of Alternating Current Machinery – 2nd ed, 10th Impression, New York, Mc Graw–Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 1-36.

Lyon Waldo V, (1914), Problems In Alternating Current Machinery – 1st ed, 3rd Impression, New York, Mc Graw – Hill Book Company, Inc.

Richard C. Dorf; Robert; H. Bishop, (2004), Modern Control Systems, Indiana Polis, Prentice hall.

“RS Catalogue” (1996), London, Enigma Corporation

Sawhney A.K, (1997), A Course in Electrical Machine Design, Delhi Dhanpat Rai & Sons.

Say M.G. (1976), The Performance and Design of an Alternating Current Machine – 3rd ed., London : Pitman and Son Ltd
.
Sigvard Strandh, (1979 A History of The Machine. ISBN 0-89479-025-0. NewYork Publishers

Theraja B.L., A.K. Theraja A.K, Ibid pp. 200 – 210.

Theraja B. L and Theraja A. K. (5th – ed), Electric Technology, New Delhi, Nirji Construction and Development Company Ltd. pp. 500-1100

Traylor D.R. (1972) “Creative Mathematics” Houston Texas, University of Texas press.

Wall, H.S.; (1963), Creative Mathematics, Houston Texas, University of Texas Press.

INTERNET SOURCE

www.control.1th.se, (Online control). www.cmspower.com, (Cumins). www.educypedia.be, (Educypedia online Serv.). www.ee.Isu.edu (Isu.edu serv.) www.freepatentsonline.com, (Patent online, SerV.) www.hitachi.com/ICS, (Hitachi). www.joliettech.com/model, (Joliettech Ltd.) www.people.bu.edu, (People, Edu Online).

Design and construction of drones

Abstract

UAV is defined as an aerial vehicle that does not carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to provide vehicle lift, can fly autonomously or be piloted remotely, can be expandable or recoverable, and can carry a lethal or nonlethal payload. It is controlled either autonomously by on-board computers or by remote control of a pilot on the ground. Its usage is currently limited by difficulties such as satellite communication and cost. A Drone has been built that can be operated by radio frequency controller and send live audio-visual feedback. The developed Drone control system has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation shows a very stable operation and control of the developed Drone. Microcontroller based drone control system has also been developed where a RF transmitter and receiver operating in the frequency of 2.4 GHz are used for remote operation for the Drone. Earlier, Drones were deployed for military applications such as spying on both domestic and international threats. The developed drone in this work can be used for a number of applications, such as policing, firefighting, monitoring flood effected areas, recording video footage from impassable areas and both military and non-military security work. In addition, using an Android mobile device incorporation with GPS has been used for live position tracking of Drone and real time audio-visual feedback from Drone.

Design of Car’s Security System Using Fingerprint and Arduino GSM Module

Abstract

The main purpose of this project is to design and implement high security system of car. Security is a prime concern in our day-to-day life. it has been playing a key role in our places like offices, institutions, libraries, laboratories, car… etc. Perhaps the most important application of  accurate personal identification is securing limited access systems from malicious attacks in order to keep our data confidentially so that no other unauthorized person could have an access on them. Nowadays, at every point of time, we need security systems for protection of valuable data, car and even money. The fingerprint and password based security system presented here is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a car. The implemented of security system based on fingerprint, password and GSM technology which can activate, authenticate, and validate the user and unlock the car in real time for locker secure access. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics, used to identify individuals and verify their identity. Fingerprint is sensed by sensor and is validated for authentication. If the fingerprint matches, the door will be opened automatically and GSM will send SMS contain the password to turn the car‟s engine which will change randomly.

This high security system based on fingerprint, password and GSM technology can be organized in the money transfer cars or any transfer which needs high security information.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title	Page
اآليح	I
Dedication	II
Acknowledgement	III
Abstract	IV
يسرخهض	V
Table of Contents	VI
List of Figures	VIII
List of Abbreviations	IX
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1General concepts	1
1.2 Problem statement	2
1.3 Proposed solution	2
1.4 Objectives	2
1.5 Methodology	3
1.6 Thesis layout	3
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction	5
2.2 Previous works	5
2.3 Fingerprint sensor	8
2.3.1 Optical Fingerprint Sensor	9
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Fingerprint Sensor	11
2.3.3Capacitance Fingerprint Sensor	12
2.3.4 Identification technologies	14
2.4 Arduino Microcontroller	15
2.4.1 Arduino hardware	16
2.4.2Arduino Software	18
2.4.3 Arduino UNO Design	19
2.5 Global System for Mobile communications	21
2.5.1 GSM Features	22
2.5.2 Hardware Description of GSM module:	23

2.6 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)	26
2.6.1 Basic structure of an LCD	27
CHAPTER THREE SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
3.1Introduction	28
3.2 Block Diagram of the System	28
3.3 Flow Chart of the System	29
3.4 Description of the System	30
3.5 Signal Movement	30
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DICUSSION
4.1Introduction	32
4.2 System Implemention	32
4.2.1 Case (1)	33
4.2.2 Case (2)	37
CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1Conclusion	39
5.2 Recommendations	39
References	40
APPENDIXES

Predicting Diabetes using machine learning technique (Support vector machine )

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most serious health challenges in both developing and developed countries. According to the International Diabetes Federation, there are 285 million diabetic people worldwide. This total is expected to rise to 380 million within 20 years. Due to its importance, a design of classifier for the detection of Diabetes disease with optimal cost and better performance is the need of the age.The proposed method uses Support Vector Machine (SVM), a machine learning method as the classifier for diagnosis of diabetes. The machine learning method focus on classifying diabetes disease from high dimensional medical dataset. The experimental results obtained show that support vector machine can be successfully used for diagnosing diabetes disease.

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