EFFECT OF RADIO JINGLES ON FAMILY PLANNING CAMPAIGN IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Most often the term “radio jingles” can be used to collectively describe all elements of radio station branding or identification. Accurately the term in the context of radio used to describe only those station branding elements which are musical, or sung. Sung jingles are the most common form of radio station branding otherwise known as imaging. A radio jingle therefore is created in a studio by session singers and includes a musical representation of the radio station name and frequency. Radio stations will sub contract to specialist radio jingle producers who will create the musical sound and melody, along with the recording the session singers. The elements, termed a donut, will then be dispatched to the radio station in various time variations to be edited by local radio producers before being broadcast in between songs, or into and out of commercial breaks.Alternatively, jingles can be made in-house by production staff.

Family planning implies the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children by spacing and timing their births. It is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility. The availability of family planning does more than enable women and men to limit family seize. It safeguards individual health and rights, and improves the quality of life of couples and their children.

Umbeli T, Mukhtar A, Abusalab M (2001). Family planning is an important strategy in promoting maternal and child health. It improves health through adequate spacing of births and avoiding pregnancy of high risk maternal ages and parities.

The most important proximate determinant of fertility is the use of family planning. Where contraceptive use is widespread fertility is low. Rajaretnam has demonstated that even if there is no reduction in the family size of individual couples, delaying child bearing will bring about a decline in fertility and population growth rate. Lack of adequate information and ignorance are key factors militating against family planning practice in Nigeria. Many potential informational barriers exist to contraceptive use. (Rajaretnam, T. 1990). Adinma J.I.M, Nwosu B.O (2005), women must be aware of the methods available, must know where supplies of these methods can be obtained and they must know how to use the method they choose. Each year an estimated 5,00,000 women die of complication due to pregnancy, child bearing or unsafe abortion.

In some areas of Nigeria, one in five women report having experienced an unwanted conception, of these 58% had an abortion and on additional 9% attempted unsuccessfully to end the pregnancy. It is estimated that about 25% of women who have abortion in Nigeria experience serious complications.

Adoption of family planning measures will reduced unwanted pregnancies and criminal abortions to it barest minimum. Pregnancy is the reproductive age group die at a higher rate than men. Most materials deaths occur among poor women who live in remote rural areas and have difficult access to hospital. (federal office of statistic 1992).

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with more than 88million people, it also has a high annual rate of population growth (3.5%) and a total fertility rate of 6.0 lifetime births per women. Additionally, the country has relatively high levels of infant mortality (104 infan deaths per 1,000 live births) and maternal mortality (800 materials death per 100,000 live births). (USAID ODA)

Mass media and interpersonal communication are two important components of radio jingle  that are conventionally utilized to promote family planning program. Mass Media utilizes radio, television, posters, billboards, movies etc, while interpersonal communication utilizes individual patient education and counseling, group meetings, home visits etc to promote family planning program. In Nigeria , over 90% of women have been reached family planning messages via mass or interpersonal channels. While providing information on reach of radio jingle  no information is provided on impact, which in any case would be difficult to ascribe to the radio jingle  because of lack of baseline or controls^[6].

The application of mass communications to influence fertility is a natural extension of the basic idea that the media can both inform and motivate people, even about such complex subjects as their reproductive means and goals. Communication efforts have become increasingly widespread in the developing world as part of international technical assistance and government programs designed to reduce fertility. Recent evaluations of mass media campaigns in three different areas of Nigeria indicated that there were large increases in the number of family planning clients at clinics following the implementation of different communication campaigns, with the authors concluding that mass media interventions can play a major role in promoting family planning use in certain situations. Similar results have been reported in Indonesia and in Trinidad and Tabago⁽²⁰²⁰⁾ In Latin America, two studies illustrate some of the methodological difficulties involved in interpreting the association between awareness of media messages on family planning and the practice of contraception, an inherent problem that complicates the analysis of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data on this subject. However, the investigators emphasize the difficulty of inferring causality: Yet whatever evidence found does not allow to exclude the possibility that those individuals who already use family planning, or know about it, are those likely….to be constant media consumers. The most relevant earlier study and one that corresponds closely with this illustrative analysis and that also underscores these problems of causal inference.

A first radio survey in Nigeria  assessed the role of radio as a disseminator of information in rural areas and determined listener’s preferences attitude. Results showed that most males listened to the radio in a group and that this practice was less prevalent among females.

Although the importance of radio jingle  to family planning is often acknowledged, there has been relatively little evaluation of radio jingle  program in Nigeria. One of the main reasons for this is the difficulty of measuring the impact of such programs. This study examines the levels, differentials and determinants of access to mass media and its exposure to family planning message. Studies in access to mass media differentials provide information for assessing inequalities among women with respect to access to mass media. Again, data on access to mass media help identify those underprivileged segments of women who experience lower access to mass media. This information is useful for family planning activities. It is against this background that the study seeks to evaluate the Effect Of Radio Jingles On Family Planning Campaign In Lagos state Nigeria.

 

Download Full Material-N5000

    BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The speed of Internet has changed the way people receive the information. It combines the immediacy of broadcast with the in-depth coverage of newspapers making it perfect sources for news and weather information. Even with the multimedia excitement of the web, Electronic mail (email) is the most frequently used application of the Internet. Many people, who have access to the Internet at school, home and at work place use the Internet for no other purpose than to send and to receive the mail. It‘s not just friends and co-workers that are receiving email. Wherever you look, the web is providing email addresses. This has made communication between the strangers easier than ever. Chatting is one of the more popular activities on the Internet- people can talk to anyone across the world.

 

 

Introduction of social media networking sites has facilitated communication. These are web-sites where users can create a profile and connect that profile to others to form an explicit personal network. They are web-based services that allow individuals to:

1. Construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system

 

1. Articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection

 

1. View and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the

 

The nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site.

 

 

Through social media, people can use networks of online friends and group memberships to keep in touch with current friends, reconnect with old friends or create real life friendships through

 

similar interests or groups. Besides establishing important social relationships, social media members can share their interests with other likeminded members by joining groups and forums. Some networking can also help members find a job or establish business contacts. Most social media websites also offer additional features. In addition to blogs and forums, members can express themselves by designing their profile page to reflect their personality.

 

 

The most popular extra features include music and video sections. The video section can include everything from member generated videos from hundreds of subjects to TV clips and movie trailers (You tube).

It is therefore the aim of this study to establish the impact that these social media has on the young individual‘s behavioral change.

 

    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study will try to find out Media Influence On The Lifestyle Of Youths In Nigeria. Technology has many positive aspects but, in the wrong hands, it can become dangerous. For the young people it is experiments to do what they feel is good or exciting to them and the friends and at the same time avoid adult supervision. Livingstone (2008) opines that for teenagers, the online realm may be adopted enthusiastically because it represents ‗their‘ space, visible to the peer group more than to adult surveillance, an exciting yet relatively safe opportunity to conduct the social psychological task of adolescence – to construct, experiment with and present a reflexive project of the self in a social context, as well as, for some, for flouting communicative norms and other risk-taking behaviors.

 

Technology brought about social media which is a valuable tool but is somewhat misused by today‘s youth. The two main forms that the youth use to access social media are cell phones and the Internet which have brought about major changes in their lifestyle.

With the current exposure and easy access that the youth are able to get out of these mediums, this study will establish the impacts it has have on the youth. Issues that are expected to arise out of this research include exposure to problematic materials, online victimization of youth, exposition to unnecessary online marketing and advertising, exposure to dangerous online behaviours, issues of identity theft, the emergence of digital divide and generation gap between parents and the youth.

 

 

According to Ritchel, Matt in an article, ―Growing up Digital, Wired for Distraction.” on The New York Times. 21 Nov. 2010, others include wastage of time, building of shallow and harmful relationships, and, eventually, causing rather than alleviating, users‘ depression, loneliness, social isolation, and withdrawal among others.

 

 

    OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The goal of this research is to address the impact and implications of  media on the Nigerian youths especially those in private and federal Universities on the way they are using these medium and the consequences of that use on their behaviour.

Specific Objectives:

 

1. To determine how the youth in Nigerian private and federal university use social media in their daily lives

 

2. To determine if the youth in Nigerian private and federal university prefer social media as means of communication as opposed to traditional

 

3. To find out the impacts social media has on behavior changes among the Nigerian private and federal university.

 

4. To determine the risks that comes with use of social media on the Nigerian private and federal university

 

 

    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

 

The following research questions guided the study:

 

1. How do the youth in Nigerian private and federal university use social media in their daily lives?

 

2. Do the youth in Nigerian private and federal university prefer social media as a means of communication as opposed to traditional methods?
3. What are the impacts of social media on the behavior change of youths in Nigerian private and federal university ?

 

4. What are the risks that come with use of social media among the youths in Nigerian private and federal university ?

    JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

It is hoped that the findings of this study will bridge the gap of lack of sufficient information on the effects of social media on the youth and behavior change. The findings of this study may also be useful to the policy makers in various sectors of the government. For instance, in the educational sector curriculum developers will be informed when developing curriculum for the youth. In the health ministry, it will help doctors especially those dealing with counseling of the youth to know which tools to use to effectively communicate to the youth. The results of the study are likely to influence further scholarly research by other researchers who may be interested in this field of knowledge and initiate appropriate mitigation.

 

    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study seeks to find out the impacts of social media among the youth on behavior change. While the study recognizes that new interactive technologies have impacts on other age groups outside the youth bracket, and as such this study will limit itself only to the youths in Nigerian private and federal university .

 

 

    LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The study is limited by time and financial resources and as result the research will have to source for more financial resources and use alternative means. Since few similar studies have been done especially in institutions of higher learning, there is limited empirical literature on the area of impacts of media on behavior change especially in the context of Nigerian private and federal university . Another expected limitation is that the youth might fail to give correct information on the basis of invasion of their privacy. The researcher will explain to them that the study is purely for academic purposes and not motivated by any other interests whatsoever.

 

 

    ASSUMPTIONS

The researcher will basically proceed with assumption that she will be able to locate the respondents and that they will be willing to co-operate and give truthful and sincere answers to the items listed in the questionnaires.

Download Full Material-N5000

Viewers Perception Of Startimes Satellite  Tv Programming Contents On Consumers Income (A Study Of  NTA Television College)

ABSTRACT

 

This study investigated Viewers Perception Of Startimes Satelite  Tv Programming Contents On Consumers Income (A Study Of Nta Television College. The objectives that guided this study included: To establish the level of awareness of viewers of Startimes Satelite  Tv Programming, to examine the nature and the impact of information consumed by viewers among NTA college students and to establish motivational factors for watching Startimes Satellite  TV program among NTA Television College . The study utilized the uses and gratifications and the social learning theory in examining the startimes sataelite d TV programmes. The study adopted a case study design with questionnaire and interviews being used as instruments of data collection. The researcher analyzed both primary and secondary data that provided information for the study. The study used a sample of 220 and response rate was good at 84%. The findings indicated that startimes  programmes impact positively on viewers by transferring positive messages to them like good parentage, drug abstinence and responsible youth behavior among others. With reference to the findings of this study, it is recommended that there should be an increase in Startimes satellite  generated programmes since majority of the viewer‟s upheld the positive themes that they deduced from the programmes and thus parents and guardians should encourage their children to watch the programmes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

 

 

     Introduction

 

 

This chapter introduces the reader to the topic being studied, the statement of the problem, the general objectives that guided the study, hypothesis, significance of the study the scope and the justification of the study.

 

     Background of the Study

 

Media has been part of the people and the world. As a significant part of most people‟s lives, media had undergone extreme transitions making it a progressive industry. For example in Nigeria, since 1998 a remarkable change in TV Broadcasting has occurred, but it has not affected the majority of the population as television sets still remain the preserve of urban middle-class dwellers. In developed countries such as the United States and Japan, the media industry has greatly progressed as well. In most parts of the world, television is considered as the most popular and ubiquitous public medium, offering diverse and accessible entertainment that remains unmatched by print media (Abu-Lughod, 1993). Mass media, and television in particular, are forces which provide audiences with ways of seeing and interpreting the world – ways which ultimately shape their very existence and participation within society.

 

Many viewers choose to ignore or actively oppose television‟s representations of the world (Brookfield, 1987). As a result, various researchers have conducted numerous reception studies so as to discuss the decoding process applicable to TV viewing (Van Reeth, 2011; Mittell, 2009)

 

had initially mentioned the process involved in the encoding and decoding theory in television discourse. In this interpretation, three positions were pointed out in interpreting audience message. These are dominant-hegemonic position, negotiated code or position and oppositional code. In fact, the three positions can be seen as a process of audience constructing. Each can be associated with life experience and the sense of reading by the audience themselves. An audience with a high level of education may be inclined to the situation of oppositional code. Dominant values are broadly accepted but are interpreted within the viewer‟s idiosyncratic context (Brookfield, 1987). In addition to analyzing the audience, television viewing is also analyzed based on conceptualism. This served as a useful analytic tool in understanding how audiences perceive television as a medium (Barker, 2000).

 

The liberalization of airwaves in Nigeria in the 1990s by the Communication Commission of Nigeria (now Communications Authority) has led to the emerging of many television stations that are competing for viewership. Consequently, the viewers are exposed to different stations ranging from free-to-air stations to Pay TV stations (such as Startimes, GoTV, DSTV) depending on viewer‟s choice in addition to alternative sources of information and entertainment such as the internet. This expansion of television networks has made competition for audiences increasingly fierce as television channels are seeking to consolidate the limited number of viewers available in the market. In this intense competition, it is important that television channels create a unique image of themselves that will help them stand out and be different from their competitors in order to make viewers easily identify them. This has necessitated the need for creation of a brand that is attractive and appealing to the viewers through branding.

 

     Why People Watch Television

 

The advent of so many new media technologies has powered the worldwide explosion of media usage among youths in the last decade. Today, so many technologies are competing for their attention and the only way to get it is to provide them with something very relevant to their lives. Broadcasters acknowledge the fact that people “split their enormous media time among many activities – social networking, viewing video, exchanging Instant Messages, viewing graphics and photos, listening to music, watching TV, playing games, looking up things, even catching up on the news – often simultaneously, (Vahlberg, 2010). Hence, broadcasters tailor their programmes for so many platforms – TV, the internet, mobile devices, and desktop computers.

 

Without a doubt, television plays a significant role in the socialization process of today‟s child. Most children are exposed to watching television long before they are able to read. According to the UNESCO, when a child begins to watch television at an early age, they usually begin with children programmes – revolving around puppets, animals, story-telling, and children‟s songs (Carlsson & Von feilitzen, 1988). With time however, they discover adult programmes, and develop a liking for them. More importantly, they prefer the more local programmes often originating from within the society. However, when choices are available at the same time, children tend to choose the type of programme which they have previously found interesting, and thus their tastes are hardened and narrowed.

 

 

     Statement of the Problem

 

A number of studies have been done on the media and effects that competition has on different segment of media. For example, competitive intelligence practices by FM stations in Nigeria, Sang (2001), there was a survey on advertising agencies in Nigeria (Mbuthia,2003), competitive strategies adopted by NTA (Karoney, 2008), competitive strategies adopted by mainstream daily print media firms in Nigeria (Mbugua, 2006) .However, no study has been done on viewers perception of startimes tv programing contents on consumers income. Yet this is a very important aspect in the broadcast industry due to the entry of many competitors.

This study seeks to fill the gap in the study of television broadcast by looking at the impact of Startimes Satellite  programs on Nigerian television viewers with a special attention to startimes satellite  tv.

 

     General objective of the study

 

The main objective of this study was to explore viewers perception of Startimes satellite  tv programming contents on consumers income

     Specific Objectives

 

The study was based on the following specific objectives:

 

1. To establish the level of awareness of viewers of Startimes Satellite  Tv Programming in NTA college students.
2. To examine the nature and the impact of information consumed audience among NTA college students.

• To establish motivational factors for watching Startimes Satellite TV program among NTA college students.

     Research Questions

 

The following research questions guided the study:

 

1. What is the level of awareness of viewers on Startimes Satellite Tv Programming?
2. What are the nature and the impact of information consumed by the audience among NTA college students?

• What are the motivational factors for watching Startimes Satellite TV program among NTA college students?

 

     Hypotheses of the study

 

According to Adaramola (2001), hypotheses are statements of arguable assertions formulated about the characteristics of a defined population which may be accepted or rejected after critical investigation and tests. Every research work must be hinged on two forms of hypotheses namely: null hypotheses (H₀) and alternative hypotheses (H₁).

The testable hypotheses for this study are:

 

1. H0: Startimes Satellite TV programmes have insignificant impact on Nigerian television viewers.

H1: Startimes Satellite  TV programmes have significant impact of Nigerian television viewers.

2. H0: Information consumed by audience will most likely increase Nigerian viewer‟s preferences of their

H1: There is significant relationship between motivational factors and viewer‟s intent of watching Startimes Satellite  TV program.

 

     Significance of the Study

 

This study seeks to contribute to the development of knowledge and literature on Startimes Satellite programmes.

, the findings in this study will be of help in assessing how their programmes affect viewers.

 

     Scope of the study

 

The study focused on NTA college students in examining startimes stallite TV programmes. The study targeted the staff and audiences of Startimes Satellite TV. Considering there are several Startimes Satellite  programmes,. The target population was NTA college students who own television sets.

Download Full Material-N5000