DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ONLINE MOBILE RECHARGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Abstract

The Project “Design And Implementation Of An Online Mobile Recharge Management System” gives us the information about all the mobile service providers. This application provides us the complete information in a service provider wise. The major advantage of this proposed system is to have the recharging facility of any service provider under one roof.  It contains 3 major modules that are Admin, User and Visitor. Admin module contains all the details of the users like when it was created and what all the transactions done by the user, detailed information of the user can be accessed or can be manipulated by the administrator. User module consists of  how to create the user and how to access the service provider and any time he can have the complete information of his account, when he had updated his balance and how the balance has been utilized that can be viewed in the form of reports. Visitor is the module where he can visit the proposed system and can have the complete information of all the service providers

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A MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTO HAND WATER AND SOAP DISPENSER WITH AN HAND DRYER

ABSTRACT 

Hand washing is a process of removing the germs from the hands. It is a vital process after done doing any activities. Hand washing helps to prevent any diseases that spread through contact. In order to eliminate most of the germs on the hands, one needs to apply a good hand washing practise. This hand washing practise involves 3 important steps which are rinsing, soaping, and drying. The main focus of this thesis is to design a convenient automatic hand washer that involves 3 vital steps in a good hand washing practise. The automatic hand washer is also a fully automated operation that does not need any single touch from the user for it to operating. Besides, this thesis also focuses on the simulation of the water flow in the nozzle inside the device so it gives a good water spray effect.

 

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION 

Background of Study 

The practice of hand washing is important as it can prevent the spreading of diseases. Most people are practicing hand washing but they are not practicing a good hand washing technique. It is learnt that hand washing is the single most important  factor in preventing the spread of disease (Parker, 1999).

In order to have a good hand washing practices, 5 important steps need to be followed. Those 5 steps are wet, lather, scrub, rinse and dry. Hands need to be scrub well for at least 20 seconds in order to eliminate most of the bacteria on the hand (CDC, 2012). Most people usually clean their hands less than half of the times they should. This cause the bacteria on the hands are not fully removed.

Unfortunately, it is hard to remove most of the germs after hand washing process. This is due to recolonization of germs after hand washing process. Recolonizations of germs occur when the users need to touch the knob of the faucets after hand washing. This is because the knob itself contains million of germs.

There are several diseases that can spread through contacts which are diarrhea, flu and hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Health-care associated infections are also one of the deathly diseases that spread through contact between the health workers and patients. These diseases can be easily transferred to one and another.

It is important to have a good hand washing as it can save many lives by preventing disease that spread through contacts. The three elements that can eliminate the germs on the hands are water, soap and dryer. These three elements will be combined into the automatic hand wash where the user only needs to insert their hands in the machine for hand wash. The well design of automatic hand washer will ease the process of hand washing. Besides, the automatic hand washer will remove any germs on the hands efficiently and will reduce the health-care associated infections which occur among the health care workers.

Statement of the Problem 

The lack of hygiene especially in the hands can cause deathly disease to spread through contacts. According to WHO (2013), every year, diarrhea has taken 760 000 lives of children under five years old. It is also estimated that around 1.7 billion cases of diarrhea are recorded each year. The high amount of death cases due to the diseases causes it to be one of the top killers for children under five.

Besides, the lack of hand hygiene can contribute to spread of microbes that cause health care-associated infections .The microbes that cause HAI will easily spread from the health-care workers to patients. This will endanger the patient’s life as they are exposed to various microbes.

By hand washing, it can prevent the disease and microbes from spreading (Burton, Judah, & Curtis, 2011). It is difficult to remove most of the microbes on the hands if they are not practicing a good hand washing technique. Most of the microbes will be removed from the hands when the human uses soap, scrub the hands thoroughly for 20 seconds and dry them after the hand washing process. Human will has good hand hygiene and less case regarding the disease that spread through contact will be recorded if there is device that can conduct a hand washing efficiently.

Objectives

 

This study is focus on A microcontroller based auto hand water and soap dispenser with an hand dryer. Through this well design technology, it can prevent the deathly disease from spreading into others. The objectives of this project are as below:

• To design a well and convenient automatic hand washer
• To allow users to soap, wash and dry their hands without a single touch from the users
• To do simulation of water flow in the nozzle of the automatic hand washer

Scope of Works

The scope of works for this study is to apply the application of automatic hand wash. The automatic hand wash will wash human hands efficiently where it will remove most of the microbes. It will improve human’s life by having more convenient and efficient hand wash technology. It also will increase the hand hygiene in humans.

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Automated Crime Tracking And Detection Information System For Security Agencies

Chapter One/Introduction 

 Background of Study

The quest to control crime and breakdown of law and order increases has the society grows and diversity of human intentions and interactions abound. An ideal society is governed by laws and regulations that are collectively agreed upon and measurable consequences that will be meted out for any member of the society that is found culpable to have floated any specific component of the legal infrastructure.

Besides the legal infrastructure in a society are the security apparatuses that enforce the law with the interest to maintain law and order. The legal infrastructures determine the extent to which law enforcement agents can act or protect the common interests of individuals in the society. It also outlines the civic responsibilities and human rights for the members of the society.

Customarily, members of the society are supposed to report any incidence of breakdown of law and order to the appropriate civil and military security apparatuses. Reported cases are also supposed to be intelligently collected, evaluated and investigated to a more conclusive and justifiable end. Evidences are collected, protected and properly examined before accused persons are charged to Law court and fairly prosecuted. Investigations are carried out without fear or favour. In fact, any attempt to prevent due process during crime investigation is in itself a crime and it is also punishable under the law.

Until recently, the process of reporting and investigating crimes in the society has been mainly manual. Individuals who have some complaints will work into any offices of the security agents (e.g. Police, neighborhood corps) to inform and write in statement issues that may need their attention. At these offices, the security agents will raise an incidence form and ask the reporter to fill some appropriate segments. The security agents will also ask some intelligent questions from the reporter and make notes of preliminary investigations. Evidences suggested will be noted and further investigations will be followed up and new evidences will be collected, evaluated and protected.

The advent of technology has opened new fronts of opportunities of leveraging on the diverse benefits of information technology to crime reporting. There are various technology platforms that have been developed to assist how crime incidences are reported, responded to and investigated. The technological applications have gone from telegraph, special radio communication, and dedicated phone lines to a more responsive and more pervasive technological application platforms (web and mobile software applications). Majority of the members of the society nowadays have mobile devices that can easily access the internet. This makes the web approach the most economical and open approach for reporting crime with a far reaching benefits and coverage. Although there are several efforts that have been made in this area around the world, there is still no popular and responsive platform for reporting crime in Nigeria. The few available platforms in Nigeria (e.g. Amebo, Linda Ikeji) are blogs and are not ultimately serving the goal of properly reporting, evaluating and investigating various crimes in Nigeria. A close thing to it is the respective platforms sponsored by Economic Financial Crime Commission (EFFC) and Investigation of Crime and Corrupt practices (ICPC); they provide avenues to report crime incidences but investigation and response are towards financial crimes. This platform does not include murder, battery or harassment incidences which are commonly reported at the local Police station than financial crimes reported at EFFC and ICPC combined. These institutions and their respective platforms are specialized in the area of financial crime and their activities are so secretive that processes and progress of investigations are not shared with other security agencies and the members of the public.

The available platforms are far below how technology could be harnessed to report crimes. The platforms are not popular and not very intuitive to use by common citizens. The platforms are unidirectional in the sense they do not have feedback for the members of the society. All these gaps have necessitated our interests for an ideal application that will address the limitations.

We are looking forward to developing an all-encompassing web platform that reports all manners of crimes, open to all members of the public, suggestive (search for entities), interpretative and enlightening. The platform will provide a platform for various security agencies to share and gather evidences and mobilize members of the public for certain interests that will drive better policing, crime prevention and investigation.

We hope this project will address the gaps identified in the information space of crime reporting and investigation in Nigeria.

Statement of Problem

The notable crime reporting platforms are lopsided and not intuitive. The process of reporting crimes to security agencies still remain very difficult. The platforms are also unidirectional in the sense that they do not have feedbacks for the members of the society. The existing platforms do not support sharing of relevant information with other security agencies, thereby because owners of these platforms wants to take all the praise; while in actual fact security is being reinforced when meaningful and relevant information is shared among security stakeholders towards offering an excellent service. All these make our justice system questionable and irresponsible.

We propose an all-encompassing platform that will practically address ego issues among security agencies, give feedbacks and strengthen the overall security service and existing security apparatuses.

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