Month: September 2021

Sep 28

Best Free English Language & Literature Project Topics Pdf

This English and literature guide has links to resources for doing literary research. This page give general project topics and research advice and others are specific to an author or subject. Below are the best project ideas for English and literary studies;

Free English Language & Literature Project Topics

Sep 28

2022 BEST FREE ECONOMICS PROJECT TOPICS PDF

There are a lot of contemporary issues like Covid-19 since 2020 that has affected global economy hence this page offers list of free economics project topics that worth scholars attention.

 

2022 BEST FREE ECONOMICS PROJECT TOPICS PDF

Sep 27

Literature Review on Twitter Ban in Nigeria

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON TWITTER BAN

History of twiiter ban in Nigeria

It was on Friday June 5, 2021, through the Ministry of Information and Culture, the Nigerian government announced its decision to suspend the operations of social media platform Twitter in the country indefinitely.

The statement, made by Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed, and signed off by his media aide Segun Adeyemi, could tell telecom’s in the country prevent Nigerians from using Twitter.

The Ministry said “The Federal Government has suspended indefinitely the operations of the micro-blogging and social networking service Twitter in Nigeria. The Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, announced the suspension in a statement issued in Abuja on Friday, citing the persistent use of the platform for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence.”

Twitter and Method

The microblogging site Twitter lets people post quick 140-character updates, or ‘tweets’, to a network of followers. Twitter asks participants ‘What’s happening?’ resulting in a constantly-updated stream of short messages ranging from the mundane to breaking news, shared links, and thoughts on life. In Twitter’s directed model of friendship, users choose others to ‘follow’ in their stream, and each user has his or her own group of ‘followers’. There is neither a technical requirement nor social expectation of reciprocity (particularly with famous people, although this differs by user group). Tweets can be posted and read from the web, SMS, or third-party clients for desktop computers, smartphones, and other devices. This integration allows for instant postings of photos, on-the-ground reports, and quick replies to other users. The site launched in 2006 and broke into the mainstream in 2008–2009, when user accounts and media attention exponentially increased. Twitter had approximately 18.2 million users in May 2009 (Nielsen Company, 2009), increasing to 27.2 million by January 2010 (Quantcast Corporation, 2010). As of 2010, the most-followed Twitter users are well-known organizations like CNN and Whole Foods, very famous people and public figures, from President Barack Obama to actor Ashton Kutcher and pop star Britney Spears. While Twitter can be used as a broadcast medium, the dialogic nature of Twitter and its ability to facilitate conversation has contributed substantially to its popularity.

 

This popularity has contributed to media fascination with the site. Unlike individuals famous primarily for their affiliation with social media properties, such as Tila Tequila on MySpace or Tay Zonday on YouTube, Twitter attracts actors, pop stars, authors, politicians, and others with established fame, such as Oprah Winfrey, Senator John McCain, Shaquille O’Neal and Weird Al. Although people known primarily for their online presence, like marketer Pistachio and video blogger iJustine, are well-represented on Twitter, the most-followed Twitter users are, for the most part, the conventionally famous.

 

Given this, we used Twitter to understand how celebrity is practiced through interactions between famous people and fans, friends, and other practitioners on Twitter. Part of the appeal of Twitter, as we will discuss, is the perception of direct access to a famous person, particularly ‘insider’ information, first-person pictures, and opinionated statements. Those celebrities who use Twitter primarily to ‘broadcast’ publicity information are seen as less authentic than those using the tool for dialogue and engagement with fans. One of our first methodological tasks was to work out who authored accounts of famous people

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ON TWITTER BAN

Media uses and gratification theory

Media uses and gratification theory have been widely used to explain social media. According to the theory, consumers actively seek out media to satisfy either utilitarian or hedonics needs (Taylor et al., 2013) Taylor et al. (2011), categorized these hedonic and utilitarian motives into structural dimensions ( using media to fill empty surroundings by seeking information or entertainment) and relationship based dimensions ( using media to facilitate interpersonal relationships) Taylor et al (211) notes that users not only  sometimes actively seek out advertising content they also participate in the dissemination of the advertising to other consumers. The theory posits that media users are driven by the need to expose themselves to media based on their needs and gratification seeking motives.

According to wood (2011), the assumption inherent in media use and gratification theory  is that people are active agents who chase form among media to  gratify themselves.  Wood (2011), explained that we use media to gain information, to alleviate loneliness, to divert us form problems and so forth. The theory therefore assumes that people exercise control over interaction with mediated mass communication. The uses and gratification attempts to explain what social and psychological needs motivate an audience to select particular media channels and content choices.

 

Zhang et al (2011), observed the media uses and gratification theory has been widely applied to investigate audience gratification in a variety of channels  and  content, including print media television and pagers. Some scholars proposed that the perceived gratification of online news was entertainment, interpersonal communication, information learning and surveillance. Okazaki (2012) posited that surveillance, leisure, information, seeking and sharing cognitive stimulations, social identity, self-expression, social presentation, companionship, passing time and voyeurism could all be relevant factors to help explain digital social media use and how consumers may process advertising messages displayed on such social media networks. Tayor et al (2011) noted that the  social network advertising information that is exchanged may become a source of conversational, deliberative, humorous and otherwise memorable communication exchange.

These authors hypothesize that a communication outcome should bring people closer together and in the process generate gratification, strengthen key primary reference group affiliations and enhance attitude towards social media advertising, consistent with uses  and gratification theory. Wood (2011), pointed out that social media availed  nearly  infinite choices for pleasure, information, and conversation. Hutton and foredeck  evaluated social media and concluded that when  consumers engage socially online they  do so to meet certain needs.

Passive to active behavior’s 

Hutton and Fosdick (2011), propose that one way to view the various social media platforms is through a lens of passive to active behavior. According to Hutton  and  Fosdick (2011) passive social media activities such as online reading and viewing for example, characteristically demand less involvement and cognitive processing than such actives pursuits as writing, creating video and posting to sites. That is consumers  are  likely to be more involved in passive rather than active usage largely because such activities demand less conscious effort.

Media substitution hypothesis

 

Another theoretical proposition discussed on literature is media substitution hypothesis (Salween Garrison & Driscoll 2004). It suggests that when a new media channel  is capable of providing superior content, technical benefits and cost efficiency then this substitution mechanism takes place, as the new media channel is considered more functionally desirable than the old media.

In line with this hypothesis Lin and Atkins (2006), argue that when consumers are willing to be venturesome in their shopping behaviors, they choose to use electronic interactive shopping behaviors through electronic interactive shopping channels to make purchases, they may intentionally otherwise displace their non-interactive shopping channels.

Social network theory

 

According to Adkins (2008), the social network theory at its core deals with social relationships in terms of nodes and ties. It is broadly a branch  of social science that  applies to a wide range of human organizations from small groups of people to entire nations. Kilduff and Tsai (2003), postulate the concept of ties between two actors as the most basic concept in social networks. Muhkenyee (2006), used the social network theory to locate the use of social media for social interaction in the structural configurations of individual social network. Consistent with the information role of social media as suggested by (Trepte, 2011). Dahlen et al (2010), observed that the social network theory and the ever-increasing emotional connection with companies allow for the element of advocacy and referral to create a “buzz around a company and its products. Social networks have also been used to examine how organizations interact with each other, characterizing the many informal connections that link executives together, as well as associations and connections between individual employees at different organizations. For example, power within organizations often comes more from the degree to which an individual within a network is at the centre of many relationships than actual job title. Social networks also play a key role in hiring, in business success, and in job performance. Networks provide ways for companies to gather information, deter competition, and collude in setting prices or policies.

Conclusion

Several theories in consumer behavior literature and media discourse have been extended to explain the concept of social media. Discussed in this review, was media uses and gratification theory, social networks theory, the theory of planned behavior, passive to active behavior lenses and media substation hypothesis.

 

Sep 27

EFFECT OF TWITTER BAN ON THE MARKETING PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS IN NIGERIA

EFFECT OF TWITTER BAN ON THE MARKETING PERFORMANCE OF SMES BUSINESS IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

SMEs are the backbone of major developed economies and important contributors to employment, economic and export growth. In South Africa, SMEs account for 91 per cent of businesses, 60 per cent of employment and contribute 52 per cent of the total Gross Domestic Product. In Nigeria, SMEs contribute 48 per cent of the national GDP, account for 96 per cent of businesses and 84 per cent of employment.

With a total number of about 17.4 million, SMEs account for about 50 per cent of industrial jobs and nearly 90 per cent of the manufacturing sector in terms of number of enterprises, according to the National Bureau of Statistics. Also, they have contributed about 48 per cent of the national GDP in the last five years.

The Internet encouraged the evolution of businesses, it changed how businesses interacted with their customers, and brought products a little closer to home for customers. Many SMEs leverage the Internet, especially social media, for their business activities (customer acquisition and service). There is a huge ecosystem on Twitter. Ogbu (2021)

No other platform as of today allows for the kind of engagement that Twitter allows; businesses might migrate to other platforms, but the Twitter ban is a loss for everyone. Digital media like Twitter are essential for information exchange, marketing customer services and remote work, especially during public health and safety emergencies like the COVID-19 pandemic. The suspension can slow commerce, cut productivity and ultimately cost jobs (Iyatse and Adepetun, 2021)

Nigerians in Diaspora Movement (NDM) stressed that banning Twitter in Nigeria was an act of insensitivity considering the fact many Nigerians make a living through the site. NDM recollected that social media like Twitter have been proven to lift people, especially the youth, out of poverty through the acquisition and exchange of value adding ideas. To this effect, NDM hereby, unequivocally, calls upon the Nigerian government to reconsider the ban on Twitter without further delay (Paulinus and Obi, 2021).

 

Valentine Ozigbo, the immediate past President and Group CEO of Transcorp PLC in a statement acknowledged that Twitter is a platform that drives business and creates jobs for millions of Nigerians, especially the youth. “As a business leader and investor in technology and communications, I appreciate the role of social networking platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook in driving business and the economy. This suspension will have untold negative consequences to our economy, or image as a democracy and the youth who use Twitter as a platform to advance their career (Adepetun, Aikulola, Nwokoro, Ugoeze and Akpa, 2021).

 

According to NetBlocks, a watchdog organization that monitors cyber-security and governance of the Internet, each hour of the social media gagging costs Nigeria about $250,000 (N102.5 million), bringing the daily loss to N2.5 billion. It means the economy would have lost approximately 7.5 billion in the past three days (4th June, 2021). The suspension has already created a market access gap for millions of small business and medium scale enterprises that use the platform to reach their customers. This could potentially complicate the challenges COVID-19 and other structural defects had imposed on businesses. Also affected is the e-commerce market in the country, estimated at $12 billion (Iyatse and Adepetun, 2021).

Most Information and Communication Technologies professionals described government ban on Twitter as a decision made without knowledge of technology’s dynamism. They argue that the decision could undermine the economic boost technology gives the country by way of consistently strengthening the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Osuagwu, Ndujihe, Njoku et.al, 2021).

The chairman, Mobile Software Solution, Nigeria, Chris Uwaje, opines that the ban would bring a monumental economic disfunction, with the capability to fuel more unemployment, whose disaster recovery damages will cost a long time to amend. He identifies the following as among the possible consequences of shutting down Twitter: massive damage to consumer, delay development of Nigeria’s digital ecosystem, massive cyber-attack on Nigeria etc. (The Guardian, Monday. June 7, 2021, P. 9)

In a report to Al Jazeera, Gbenga Sesan, executive director of the Paradigm Initiative, a panAfrican social enterprise working on digital inclusion and rights, opines that this ban will force investors out of Nigeria and also that global tech companies that want to investment in Africa are likely to consider a place like Ghana rather than Nigeria (Iyorah, 2021). Sesan also added that the suspension of Twitter sends the wrong signal to foreign investors; meanwhile, small businesses using Twitter as a source of livelihood in Nigeria will be affected due to the fact that businesses in Nigeria use digital media to reach customers, expose their brands and communicate with various stakeholders. That will definitely be affected by this erratic decision (Iyorah, 2021).

The President, Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN), Steve Babaeko, observed that significant population of Nigerian youth earn their livelihood through Twitter, “some simply by being attack dogs or mouthpiece for politicians and the government” which by implication, income for those youths will be lost to the ban. On the other hand, unemployment among the youth segment currently stands at about 35%, depending on which state of the Federation one is looking at; with Twitter ban, the unemployment rate will worsen (Babaeko, 2021).

It was reported that about 39 million Nigerians have Twitter account. Many use the platform for businesses and networking, and as a result of this ban, the ability of this category of people to make

a decent living will be grossly affected. This will also affect foreign investments in Nigeria’s technology sector (Sikhakhane, 2021)

Statement Of The Problem

The Federal Government suspended indefinitely the operations of the micro blogging and social networking service, Twitter, in Nigeria recently. The Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed, cited “the persistent use of the platform for activities that are capable of undermining Nigeria’s corporate existence” as the reason for the suspension.

A report by NetBlocks Cost of Shutdown Tool discloses that Nigeria loses N90,712,044 ($250,600) every hour to the ban.  According to a report by Statista, Nigeria has about 33 million active social media users, with about 26 per cent on Twitter, most of who run businesses on the platform.

Financial planner, Kalu Aja, when asked about the effect of the ban on businesses said, “Social media enables the brand to talk directly to consumers. It’s direct marketing, specific and targeted. There is no organisation on earth, profit or not for profit, without some form of advocacy via social media.

“The Twitter ban raises a narrative about doing business in Nigeria, and it’s not a good narrative. Specifically, Twitter and social media allow Small and Medium-scale Enterprises and sole proprietors with zero marketing budgets but a smartphone to build and communicate a brand promise.

“It provides an ecosystem of jobs for IT professionals, copywriters and even influencers. It makes the cost of commerce fall and even boosts trade, which generates VAT. It is a bad call to ban social media without options.”

In view of the above, this study is focused on examining Effect of Twitter ban on the marketing performance of entrepreneurs.

 Objectives

The main objective of this study is to examine the effect of the Twitter ban on small businesses in Nigeria. Specifically this study is aimed at;

  1. To critically examine whether Twitter’s ban will have a structural effects on SMEs in Nigeria.
  2. To determine the implications (If any) of twitter ban on entrepreneurs and customer relation capabilities of SMEs
  3. To investigate whether twitter ban will have any impact on the socio-economic development of Nigerian SMEs.

Research Questions

  1. What are the effect of Twitter’s ban on entrepreneurial business growth in Nigeria?
  2. What are the implications (If any) of twitter ban on entrepreneurs and customer relation capabilities of SMEs?
  3. Do twitter ban have any impact on the socio-economic development of Nigerian through SMEs?

Justification

 

The concept of twitter ban is a very recent phenomenon. Therefore its discourse in the academia is still developing and thus ensuring theoretical and practical underpinnings of the concept to the domain of communication still deserve an ongoing empirical inquiry. This warrants more research to shed more light on twitter ban.

Significance

The study will add to the existing body of knowledge on the subject matter. Students undergoing research work similar to the present study who may wish to use this work as a reference material or a spring board for their own work will find this work really useful.

 

This study will educate the Nigeria Government on the economic effect of twitter ban precisely against entrepreneurial business growth in Nigeria. The study will also inform them about the economic contribution of Twitter to the country and how it has offered income opportunities to many Nigerians. For SMEs, this study will educate them on the possible strategy to execute in order to absorb the massive effect of the ban. Lastly, this study will serve as a source of information for students, researchers, SMEs and even the public, who may carry out a study related to this.

Scope 

This study only takes a look at how the ban on Twitter is affecting Nigerian Small and Medium Scale Enterprises that rely on the micro blogging site to promote and run their businesses.

Limitations 

Financial Constraints: The researcher was with limited funds and cannot visit all the areas to get responses from respondents but was able to get good information concerning the research topic.

Time Constraints: The researcher was involved in other departmental activities like seminars, attendance of lectures et.c which limited the time for the research but the researcher was able to meet up with the time assigned for the completion of the research work.

Sep 26

BEST FREE NCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS

Students of NCE can now have an access to 2021-2022 project topics with useful ideas. The list of chemistry research topics here can also be utilized for other academic research. Mostly this ideas are for NCE.

2021 BEST FREE NCE PROJECT TOPICS PDF

Sep 26

Google Scholar Research Topics and Materials Pdf

Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses. Google Scholar Project topics is good for conducting simple project topics and searches across a broad number of databases.

Google Scholar Research Topics and Materials

Listed below are Google scholar research project topics and materials.

Google Scholar Research Topics and Materials

Sep 25

EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON BANKING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON BANKING SYSTEM IN NIGERIA

CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Mapping the COVID-19 implications for banks

Since the COVID-19 pandemic is a novel experience for the world, the literature regarding its implications for banks is still developing. Yet, lessons from globally spilled-over systemic financial crises such as the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 could have some relevance, particularly because the effects are likely to be similar. Systemic events external to the banking system such as economic recessions, pandemics, war, political unrest, and environmental disasters could have massive adverse effects on the firm value and performance of banks, forcing many to fail or go bankrupt in extreme cases. The 2008–09 GFC is such a phenomenon, during which many cited ‘epidemiology’ as a reference point to explain the spillover of volatility and financial and economic distress situations through an intra-financial system, considering that the crisis outcomes are contagious like a pandemic (Caballero and Simsek 2009; Roubini 2008). The comparison argues that the outbreak and spillover effects of systemic economic and financial crises spread fast through both the intra-financial and inter-financial systems approach. Because of this nature, global or large-scale systemic crises could be termed as contagious just like the COVID-19 pandemic (Cecchetti and Schoenholtz 2020; Bachman 2020). As such, financial bubbles behave like disease pandemics and they should be treated the same way (Shiller 2020; Haldane and May 2011).

 

Disease pandemics such as COVID-19 produce a complex and diverse set of consequences for banks and threaten banking system stability (FSB 2020; Aldasoro et al. 2020). Figure 1 shows the mapping of possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for banks in a ‘no policy intervention’ scenario. The prevalence of the pandemic for a prolonged period with a subsequent complete lockdown may push banks to an inevitable crisis. Across economies, as an immediate shock of the lockdown and social distancing measures in response to the pandemic, production has halted, demand for goods and services—mainly for non-essentials—has slumped, factories and offices are completely or partly shut-down, transports and logistics are restricted, and public movement as a whole is highly restricted domestically and internationally (Barua 2020a, b).

 

Mapping the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for banks

Many of the immediate shocks turn out to be long-lasting over time, as countries continue enforcing lockdowns and strict social distancing over a longer period to curb the virus’s spread. For instance, it has been over eight months to date that such measures have been widely and strictly enforced across almost all economies of the world. The worldwide lockdowns and economic shocks in turn cause a severe disruption in the international trade of goods and services, due to reduced import demand internationally, limited movement of international transport and logistics carriers, and stricter entry requirements of goods and people imposed by many countries (Barua 2020b; WTO 2020; OECD 2020b; Rigden 2020). These have already started to generate severe macroeconomic costs for many nations through a sustained fall in aggregate demand and supply, slump in price levels, massive layoffs and job cuts, unfavorable exchange rate movement, and increases in risk and uncertainty for current or potential private-sector investments (World Bank 2020b).

 

Because of the diverse macroeconomic shocks, bank borrowers—individuals and firms—face high risk of default (Vidovic and Tamminaina 2020). The banking sector may see a steep rise in default risk and rates because of reduced incomes and cash inflows to their borrowers due to the economic slow-down and forced shutdown. The crisis will be worse for borrowers relying on exports to the international market, as the world economy struggles to survive from the pandemic. These effects will also be severe for small businesses whose only lifeline is doing day-to-day business and generating enough operating cash inflows to survive (Dua et al. 2020). Also, small businesses have little capital support and cushion to protect them from economic adversities. During and after the pandemic, banks that have a substantial lending exposure, particularly to export-oriented industries and small businesses, may see a steep rise in default rates. Further, the overall situation may turn many borrowers into willful defaulters and may increase the credit risk of the banks. It is possible that the market value of collaterals provided against secured loans may decline in value, further enhancing the credit and default risk for banks (Baret et al. 2020).

 

In addition to default risk, banks may also face liquidity crises as many depositors may choose to withdraw their savings to support their living and health expenses (Baret et al. 2020). Due to the pandemic, income opportunities for people and firms have become increasingly limited, which might force them to spend their savings. In particular, people losing jobs will desperately try to survive on their savings. This, if continued for too long, will cause liquidity shortage and limit the lending capacity of banks (Cheney et al. 2020).

 

Due to economic slow-down domestically and globally, demand for loans will slump, as is already happening in many economies. As firms limit their operation and production, demand for both short- and long-term financing declines substantially with no possibility of rebound until the economy as a whole recovers (Ryan et al. 2020). It will hurt banks’ basic business model and revenue generation and could create a large revenue shock in countries where lending dominates the business portfolio of banks, as is the case for many developing and emerging economies. The problem could be further intensified by the limits in lending capacity faced by banks due to liquidity shortage because of increased withdrawals (Cheney et al. 2020). Furthermore, incomes from both interest and non-interest sources are likely to fall due to a reduced international trade, foreign exchange dealing, and transaction services. Interest incomes could further fall as banks in many countries have already commenced waiving fees and charges, increasing credit card limits, granting mortgage payment holidays and access to fixed saving accounts in an effort to help their clients survive the pandemic (Ryan et al. 2020; Yousufani et al. 2020).

 

Much of the cumulative outcome of the affects discussed so far will be increases in NPLs and a reduction in asset quality for banks. A persistent scenario like this would necessarily lower the asset value or firm value of banks. A lower risk-weighted value of assets will in turn lower capital adequacy of banks, threatening the banks’ financial solvency, survival, and sustainability. The capital adequacy of banks could also decline as many banks could try to utilize part of their Tier 1 or 2 capitals to support their operating and financial sustainability.

 

After the 2008–09 global financial crisis, regulators across the world emphasized the idea that banks should hold substantial buffers to survive through dramatic downturns. To make it effective, the Basel Committee issued an enhanced capital adequacy (BASEL-III) accord to improve the banking sector’s ability to absorb shocks arising from financial and economic stress (BIS 2017). However, lessons from the large-scale financial crises remain mostly unheard, particularly in developing and emerging economies where banks aggressively compete. In addition, in many developing and/or emerging economies, financial markets are weakly efficient, suffer from insufficient regulatory infrastructure, lack innovation and adoption of cutting-edge technology, and are crippled with moral hazards and adverse selection problems driven by political interventions (Görg et al. 2020; Dominguez et al. 2009). The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to make things significantly worse in these countries. As a case of such emerging economies, this paper examines the possible impacts of the pandemic on Bangladesh’s banking sector.

Sep 25

ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE NIGERIAN CIVIL SERVICE A STUDY OF FEDERAL INLAND

ETHICS AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE NIGERIAN CIVIL SERVICE (A CASE OF FEDERAL INLAND )

CHAPTER ONE/INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

A group of people, an association, organization or even a settlement stays together due to norms they accept as a binding guide. Every society forges ahead in its daily activities because it has some laid down rules (the dos and the don’ts) that guide the people. These rules may gradually become the way or pattern of lives of the people in such society. According to Feluni (1997), the rules are yardstick upon which members conduct or behaviors are adjudged as good (ethical) or bad (unethical). Hence, if the works we perform determine our entire survival, then we must have the right attitude to work (Ekhator, 2002). Civil servants, who are successfully practicing ethics, will be able to defend their actions and inactions.

Thompson (1985) defined administrative ethics as involving the application of moral principles to the conduct of official responsibilities and duties. Chapman (1988) on the other hand has defined civil service ethics as the application of moral standards in the course of official work. So it is expected of civil servants to apply and exercise certain ethical considerations when carrying out orders of political bosses and when they are faced with a situation where they have to make value judgment that have implications for their professional standing. Ethics in the public service are therefore the broad norms that stipulate how public servants should behave and exercise judgment and discretion in carrying out their official duties. Central to administrative ethics are attitudes, standards, and systems of values which have been internalized in the civil servant. Its foundation is the belief that what public officials and employees do has a central and inescapable normative component involving values, morality and ethics (York, 1984).

Even the members of the society expect the civil servant to act with unwavering integrity, absolute impartiality and devotion to the public interest and the state (Rohr, 1976). This becomes important because the public service is often seen as an extension of the government and the logic of modern government depends increasingly on the acceptability of those who govern to those they govern, acceptability which is further enhanced if those who are governed have confidence in the moral uprightness of those who govern (Baker, 1971). The failure or the jettison of every ethical standard will inevitably lead to corruption and corrupt practices in the public service as well as the lowering of efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery. Concerning corruption, the distinction must be made from the onset between political and bureaucratic corrupttion. This distinction is more than a mere academic exercise as the failure to delineate between both has led to mystification and the inability to find solution or to systematically address the issue. Hope (1985) has attempted to trace the genesis of bureaucratic corruption by stating that; With the politicization of the bureaucracy in the third world has come bureaucratic corruption. Political corruption has laid down the ground rules for bureaucratic corruption in the third world.

The fact that the prevalence of ethical standards and accountability of civil servants in Nigeria is the veritable means of ensuring the commitment of Nigerian government to the norms of good governance and responsible leadership is very clear.  Ethics and accountabilities are the criteria for good governance which brings about legitimacy and popular support from the people. The economy of any nation cannot develop when its members lack sense of duty and accountability. In creating an administration that will be responsive to the yearnings and aspirations of the people by the government, the role of ethics and accountability cannot be overemphasized. Ethics serves as amoral parameters within which the civil servant operates. It involves defending and recommending concept of right and wrong conduct.

Civil servants as officials employed rather than elected in the civil service capacity to carry out the statutory responsibility of service delivery in government can only be achieved if they are conscious of the rules of conduct established to ensure accountability and effective service delivery (Rasheed, 1995). This simply mean that accountability in the civil service can only be ensured if the regulatory mechanisms like the constitution and public service rules are put in place. Those who are expected to render services must account to the people for their successes and failures; and those who are entrusted with the custody and disbursement of public fund must appropriately account to the people for their use (Okigbo, quoted in Ozor, 2000).

Accountability in the above assertion can be informed if regulatory mechanisms are put in place. In our contemporary society, civil servants pay negligence to ethical conduct thereby engendering unaccountability, bribery and corruption, impartiality and poor service delivery in the civil service. The unresponsiveness of the civil servants to their constitutional assignment has received numerous adverse comments from the right thinking nationals of Nigeria. Ethical deficit and the problem of accountability feature noticeably in the action of the civil servants. Their dominant principle of action is selfish and mercenary interest.

Statement of the Problem

The permeating and pervasive influence of unethical behavior in the civil service like, embezzlements of public funds, bribery and corruption, tribalism, and other fraudulent acts portrayed by the civil servants have culminated in their poor image and service delivery. The aforementioned ethical deficit actions in the civil service have been worsened by weak institutional arrangement for enforcing ethical and accountability standard. They have not been effective in monitoring standards of professional ethics and accountability in the civil service (Thompson, 1985).

As a matter of fact, the poor working conditions and miserable pay of civil servants should not be shelved out. It has contributed to the loss of integrity and deplorable service record of Nigerian civil servants (Adamolekun, 1983).

Lacks of trained and competent workers have also accrued into the existence of unethical behavior in Nigeria civil service (Agarah, 1989). As a result of lack of training which exposes them to rule of conduct, civil servants, therefore pay negligence to ethical conduct in carrying out their duties. The activities of the Nigerian civil servants is believed to be affected by corruption and other forms of unethical behavior like embezzlements of public funds, bribery and other fraudulent acts, this is assumed to result to lack of accountability the Nigerian civil service.

Aims and Objectives

The general objective is to examine ethics and accountability in Nigeria civil service. The specific objectives are to:

  1. To examine the awareness of employees ethical conducts on the performance of FIRS.
  2. To examine employees adherence towards accountability and ethical conducts as a parameter of FIRS performance.
  3. To examine dissemination of skills and knowledge on ethical conducts by the organization.

Research Questions

Based on the above assertion, the question this research sets out to tackle are:

  1. To examine the awareness of employees ethical conducts on the performance of FIRS.
  2. To examine employees adherence towards accountability and ethical conducts as a parameter of FIRS performance.
  3. To examine dissemination of skills and knowledge on ethical conducts by the organization.

1.5       Research Hypotheses 

The following research Hypotheses was stated for the study:

HO: Ethical behaviors have no effect on the productivity of FIRS workers.

H1: Ethical behaviors have effect on the productivity of FIRS workers.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study can be viewed from two perspectives.
The study of administrative ethics and accountability is indispensable for good governance. And the knowledge of ethics informs accountability. This knowledge will help to proffer veritable course of action that can deter the problems of ethics and accountability in Lagos state civil service such like corruption, impartiality, absenteeism and other forms of unethical behavior.

The greater the quality of accountability the greater the quality of good governance and vice versa. The sound knowledge of this study will help law makers in making an outstanding and achievable law for the nation accountability in the state civil service. It will expose different cases of ethical and accountability problems in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Lagos and ways of shelving them out. It will also unveil the factors that caused these problems.

The research will serve as reference material for future researchers in the field of ethic and accountability in the Nigeria civil service. Academically, it contributes to the existing knowledge by explaining why civil servants exhibit unethical and lack of accountability behaviors in the discharge of their functions and their remedial measures.

Scope and Limitation

This study examines ethics and accountability in Nigeria civil service with specific reference to Federal Inland Revenue Services, Lagos. The major factor for opting for Federal Inland Revenue Services, Lagos a unit of study is because the researcher is familiar with the area. Hence, it would be easier, less expensive and more convenient for the researcher to obtain relevant information from the sector to ensure efficient and effective research.

Initiating and concluding a research work successfully is not always a rosy ride to bliss. As a matter of fact a lot of factors acted as a clog in the wheel in the smooth research on ethics and accountability in Federal Inland Revenue Services, Lagos. These factors include:

  1. Inadequate Literature:The inadequate materials on the subject matter really threatened the success of this research.
  2. Attitude of the Respondents:Attitudes of the respondents in the various departments chosen for this study were discouraging. They were in many occasions very reluctant in supplying relevant information for security reasons as expression of being afraid to expose their vital official secretes.
  3. Financial Cost:The researcher cannot overemphasized how problematic the cost implication of this research was. It was really a big task sourcing for funds as money was limited in supply, bearing also in mind that the researcher is a student.
  4.    Time:The fact that effective researcher needs ample time dedication is undoubtful. But to the researcher, dedicating such time must be at the expense of other numerous issues competing attention such as her course work, consequently, minute time was hared between the research and other contending issues. The researcher therefore, did not have the whole supposed time for this work as required. Despite all odds, the researcher made frantic efforts to collect sufficient data for the analyses upon which reliable inference was made.
Sep 19

ASUP Federal Polytechnic Oko Chapter Calls Off Strike After 5 months

The Academic Staff Union of the Polytechnic (ASUP), Federal Polytechnic Oko Anambra State Chapter, has suspended its strike action after 5months Projectstore.com.ng reports.


ASUP’s Chairman Sir Samuel Igbokwe made the disclosure on 15th September in Oko Anambra Anambra state after the Council meeting.

Communique of the meeting which was sighted by projectstore.com.ng read in parts;


COMMUNIQUE ON THE ASUP FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OKO CHAPTER CONGRESS HELD AT THE POLYTECHNIC AUDITORIUM EXTENSION SITE ON SEPTEMBER 15TH 2021.

  1. That efforts of all the ASUP members of our Chapters who solidly stood behind the chapter Executive council are applauded.
  2. That the intervention of the minister of labour and productivity, Dr Chris Ngige, the council Chairman Mallam Kale Kawu, all Council members, and the management is well appluded.
  3. That the intervention of the minister of labour that produced the Memorandum of understanding upon which our strike is suspended today is treasured.
  4. That ASUPOKO met in her Congress today, September 15, 2021 and extensively deliberated on the agreement. Based on the agreement signed by the council, management and Union, the Congress unanimously voted to suspend the strike, effective Monday, 20th September 2021.
  5. That the Union has absolute trust and conviction that the agreement will be respected by all the parties involved.
    The communique concluded.
    Projectstore recall that ASUP-OKO South-South and South-East to embark on this 5 months old strike which started on April 6th 2021.
Sep 19

HND Project Topics and Materials 2021/2022 In PDF

HND stands for Higher National Diploma. This page have made available list of HND project topics for final year undergraduate project topics.

LIST OF HND PROJECT TOPICS

  • ACCOUNTING RESEARCH TOPICS
  • AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND EXTENSION
  • AGRICULTURE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ANIMAL SCIENCE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • APPLIED SCIENCE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ARTS EDUCATION RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BANKING AND FINANCE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BIO-CHEMISTRY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BOTANY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BUILDING RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION RESEARCH TOPICS
  • BUSINESS PLAN
  • CHEMICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH TOPICS
  • CHEMISTRY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH TOPICS
  • COMMERCE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • COMPUTER ENGINEERING PROJECTS
  • COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • CRIMINOLOGY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ECONOMICS RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • ENGINEERING RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • ENGLISH LANGUAGE RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ENTREPRENEURSHIP RESEARCH TOPICS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • ESTATE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • FINE ART RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • FISHERY & AQUACULTURE RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • FRENCH RESEARCH TOPICS
  • GEOGRAPHY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • GEOLOGY RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • GUIDANCE COUNSELING RESEARCH
  • HISTORY RESEARCH TOPICS
  • HOME ECONOMICS RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH TOPICS
  • INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS & PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
  • INSURANCE PROJECTS
  • INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PROJECTS
  • LIBRARY SCIENCE PROJECTS
  • LINGUISTICS AND COMMUNICATION PROJECTS
  • MANUFACTURING
  • MARKETING RESEARCH TOPICS
  • MASS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH TOPICS
  • MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS RESEARCH MATERIALS
  • MECHANICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS
  • MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCE PROJECTS
  • MICROBIOLOGY PROJECTS
  • NURSING PROJECTS
  • OFFICE TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
  • OTHERS PROJECTS
  • PARASITOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGY PROJECTS
  • PETROLEUM ENGINEERING PROJECTS
  • PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES PROJECTS
  • PHILOSOPHY PROJECTS
  • PHYSICS PROJECTS
  • PHYSIOLOGY PROJECTS
  • PLANT SCIENCE PROJECTS
  • POLITICAL SCIENCE PROJECTS
  • PSYCHOLOGY PROJECTS
  • PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROJECTS
  • PUBLIC HEALTH PROJECTS
  • PURCHASING & SUPPLY PROJECTS
  • QUANTITY SURVEYING PROJECTS
  • SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PROJECTS
  • SCIENCE LAB TECHNOLOGY PROJECTS
  • SECRETARIAL ADMINISTRATION PROJECTS
  • SOCIOLOGY PROJECTS
  • SOIL SCIENCE PROJECTS
  • STAFF DEVELOPMENT AND DISTANCE EDUCATION PROJECTS
  • STATISTIC PROJECTS
  • TAXATION PROJECTS
  • THEOLOGY PROJECTS
  • THEOLOGY AND BIBLICAL STUDIES PROJECTS
  • URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING PROJECTS
  • ZOOLOGY PROJECTS

Checkout;Full list of HND project topics@www.projectstore.com.ng 

How to Use HND Project Topics

Visit the main page of project store to select any desired project topics that have been listed by faculties and departments. Once your most preferred project have been approved, kindly call our project experts +2348101525763 and the material will be sent to you on whatsapp. Please Note that a small service fee is applicable.

Best HND Projects

When making a choice for HND project topics it is adviseable to select best HND projects. Best HND projects can be sourced from contemporary issues and trending topics 

HND Proposal Writing

The purpose of proposal writing is to persuade others that your HND topic needs to be properly investigated. Your task is to write a well-structured text that covers all the necessary points. Make sure that everyone can understand what you wish to investigate, why it is important, and how you are going to do it.

Your research project proposal will also help you develop your project carefully and fully. Of course, it’s important to choose a topic that you will enjoy writing.

Hire HND Writer

You can Hire a HND expert researcher by fillling the short form properly and a team of researcher will contact you as soon as possible.